- Why Don’t Birds Sitting On Wires Get Electrocuted?
- Why Does A High Voltage Wire Make A Noise?
- Transient Heat Transfer
- What causes a piston to break in an Engine?
- Internal Combustion Engine: Working, Types, Effici...
- Why Do Diesel Engines Have A Depression In The Pis...
- What Is The Maximum Temperature The Human Body Can...
- Why Do Diesel Engines Have To Use Turbo?
- What is the difference between earthing and ground...
- Why do we return neutral to earth?
- Why is it called a C-type charger?
- 20 Largest Electric SUVs (For Big Family & Long Tr...
- Top 20 Electric Supercars in 2023
- The 30 Fastest Production Cars Ever Made!
- 30 Most Rare Cars In The World | Beauty and Elegance
- How Many Bugattis Are In The World?
- Devel 16 Car | The Ultimate Hypercar of the Future
- Top 20 Concept Cars of All Time
- 15 Coolest Concept Cars
- What is the reason behind cars having a 4 or 6 cyl...
- Casio fx-991MS Tips and Tricks
- What do MC, MR, MS, M+, and M- in calculators do?
- Hydraulic Turbines
- Turbines
- Comparison of Francis and Pelton Turbines
- Comparison of Francis and Kaplan Turbine
- Unit Quantities
- Specific Speed of Turbine
- Characteristic curves of hydraulic turbines
- Flow through Circular Conduits
- Boundary Layer Concepts
- Turbulent Flow
- Hydraulic Gradient line and Energy Gradient line
- Driving License Classes & Types in Singapore
- Different Driving License Classes In Singapore
- Solved problem on Pressure Measurement
- Solved Problems on Pascals Law
- Solved Problem on Manometers
- Buoyancy
- Flotation
- Meta Centre and Meta Centre Height
- Equilibrium of the Floating Body
- Stability of a Submerged Body
- Stability of a Floating Body
- Determination of Meta-Centre Height
- Solved Problems on Buoyancy and Floatation
- Why should we use a star-star connection?
- What happens when a piston ring breaks?
- Two Marks Q&A
- Pump Performance
- Pump Characteristics
- Pump problems
- Selection of hydraulic pumps
- Some Illustrative Example Problems
- Review and Summary
- Review Questions
- Two Marks Q&A
- 3D Printing
- Material Extrusion
- Acronyms, Abbreviations & Glossary of Additive Man...
- Directed Energy Deposition (DED)
- Rapid Prototyping
- Stereolithography (SLA)
- Selective Laser Sintering
- Sheet Lamination
- Binder Jetting
- Material Jetting
- Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)
- Additive Manufacturing
- Vat Photopolymerization
- Powder Bed Fusion
- Electron Beam Melting (EBM)
- Vat Photopolymerization
- VAT Photopolymerisation
- What is an iron lung, and is it useful for people ...
- Why the Power Symbol Looks Like this?
- Why did polio patients need an iron lung?
- What are the advantages of using an engine with le...
- Why are all the car companies stopping their diese...
- Why are diesel locomotives so noisy compared to el...
- Which part of the body is blood produced?
- Is Garlic good for the heart?
- How do you prove Ohm's law using the classical fre...
- How do you heal inflamed esophagus naturally or wi...
- Why is EARTH PIN longest and thickest ?
- Why is our car misfiring after changing spark plug...
- The Rules of Efficient Steering Techniques
- Why is a diesel engine using a turbocharger instea...
- Why is Diesel–Electric engine more effective than ...
- How do I convert a 230v AC to a 110V DC?
- Air-over-oil circuit
- Hydrostatic Transmission System
- Hydromechanical and Elecrohydraulic Servo system
- Electrohydraulic Servo System
- Accumulators and Intensifiers
- weight-loaded (or dead-weight) accumulators
- Spring-loaded Accumulators
- Gas-loaded Accumulators
- Non-separator type accumulators
- Separator type Accumulators
- Piston type Accumulator
- Diaphragm type accumulator
- Bladder type accumulators
- Accumulator circuits (Applications of accumulators)
- Sizing of Accumulators
- Pressure Intensifiers
- Pressure Intensifier Circuits
- Review and Summary
- Two Marks Q&A
- Problems For Practice
- Analysis of Stresses
- University Solved Problems
- 2 Mark Questions and Answers
- Review Questions
- BE3255 BASIC CIVIL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - S...
- Batteries in Series or Parallel for Power Applicat...
- What if I eat 4 eggs daily?
- How does an AC motor work?
- What is something electrical engineers know that o...
- Transverse loading on beams
- Solved Problems On Cantilever Beams
- University Solved Problems
- Theory of simple bending
- Shear Stresses in Beams
- Two Mark Questions & Answers
- Review Questions
- Problems for Practice
- Stress, Strain And Deformation Of Solids
- Principle of super position
- Extension of uniformly tapering rod
- Unit I: Stress, Strain and Deformation of Solids-A...
- My Blood Pressure is 150/100 is it Serious?
- Why aren’t ultra high voltage transmission lines i...
- Is it worth to sharing?
- Tubectomy,Vasectomy
- Why has nobody ever tried to use the force of grav...
- King Edward VII - Amazing facts that you have to r...
- Infibulation - Surprised you today?
- Why are monkeys’ rear ends swollen?
- 9 Beautiful Reminders For Anyone
- Klein bottle - Interesting mathematics facts?
- Why are diesel engines larger than petrol engines?
- What are some useful Life Lessons?
- MAN Diesel Engine, Germany 1909
- What is the difference between an engineer & a nor...
- How does power factor affect the electricity bill ...
- What are some fascinating lessons you should know?
- How do you identify snake bite by just seeking bit...
- What are the disadvantages of an in-line four cyli...
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor7 hours ago
05 Deep truths of life
1. One day you will die and the rest of the world will move on with life without you. 2. Pain is unpredictable but suffering is by choice. 3. To be happy, you must first discover you have a problem. 4. Nobody knows a silent master. So, blow your trumpet in the right places, to the right people. 5. You can’t save the world. Be a light to the part of the world so bright that the rest of the world will choose to save their own part of the world. read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor7 hours ago
What are the health benefits of drinking hot water ?
Drinking water is essential for good health, and many people choose to drink it hot, either first thing in the morning or throughout the day. Drinking hot water has been linked to a number of health benefits. Here are some of the potential benefits of drinking hot water: 1. Aids Digestion: Drinking hot water can help to stimulate digestion, which can lead to better nutrient absorption and a healthier gut. It can also help to relieve constipation by softening stools and promoting bowel movements. 2. Boosts Metabolism: Drinking hot water can help to increase your metabolic rate, wh... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor7 hours ago
What life lesson did you learn the hard way?
- The "Tiny voice" in you always knows which way to go - Stop thinking too much, it's alright not to know the answers. They will come to you when you least expect it. - If it makes you happy it doesn't have to make sense to others - Experience is a cruel teacher. She gives the test first and the lesson afterward. - Be okay with people not liking you, most don't even like themselves. - Treat yourself like someone you love. No one will love you if you don't love yourself - You are a direct reflection of the people you spend the most time with - You spe... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor2 days ago
4 Deep Philosophy Quotes on Life & Mindset
1. 2. 3. 4. read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor2 days ago
What is the RPM of an aeroplane engine?
The RPM of an aeroplane engine is the number of revolutions per minute that the engine’s crankshaft or propeller makes. The RPM indicates the power and speed of the engine, with higher RPMs generally meaning more power. But, the RPM of an aeroplane engine depends on several factors, such as the type, size, and design of the engine, the altitude, temperature, and humidity of the air, and the throttle setting and load of the aircraft. There are different types of aeroplane engines, such as piston, turboprop, turbojet, turbofan, and turboshaft. Each type has its range of RPMs, depend... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor2 days ago
Wow Pictures
1. OMG 🙈🙉🙊 2. I'll catch ya 😎 3. Warning 4. You can't see me 5. Oh my heart 😂😂 6. Don't disturb me 😴 7. Hey wanna have fun?😎 8. Let me chill 😋 9. I'm a rider 😈 10. Yuuuu… huuuuu… 11. Oh by back 👴 12. Haaa… haa… haa…😂😂😂 13. 🤐🤐🤐 14. Lets go son 👣👣 15. Oh you still wanna play… 16. We'll be home soon son🙂🙂 17. Hey ladies😎 18. You know what happened that day…??? 19. I have 3 fingers 🐦 20. I think I heard something 🐿 21. Hey we're not thefting… 😅 22. Hey can you give some?? 🙄 23. Don't leave me… don't leave me… 24. Hey human 👋 25. Everybo... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor2 days ago
If you lack self confidence, read this:?
1. CONFRONT YOUR FEARS Face your fears head-on; failure is part of the journey to confidence. 2. DRESS SHARP Dressing sharp boosts confidence; it reflects in your demeanor and appearance. 3. GET PHYSICAL FIT Exercise boosts confidence by triggering a sense of accomplishment. 4. FOCUS ON GOOD BODY LANGUAGE Good posture and body language project confidence effectively. 5. OWN YOUR STRENGTHS Focus on your strengths to enhance self confidence and esteem. 6. DON'T TRY TO FIT IN Embrace uniqueness; confidence comes from being authentic, not fitting in. 7. IMAGINE YOURSELF AT YOU... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor2 days ago
What is the maximum voltage a human can withstand?
I am surprised at the low quality of answers given here! Sorry to say, nearly all of the answers display a tenuous grasp of electronics and electrical nature, and use the age-old adage “it’s not the voltage, but the current that kills.” So I’ll clear things up, and hopefully save some people from misunderstanding this any further. VOLTAGE, CURRENT, AND POWER Voltage is related to the electric force between two points. More specifically, it is the gradient of the electric field, which in turn is a description of electric force. It is a description of electric potential energy, the... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor2 days ago
What are some mind blowing facts that most people don't know?
- There is a species of jellyfish that never dies unless they are killed. - The first condom was made somewhere in the 16th century. - Russian was the first human language spoken in outer space. - Lifetime warranties really mean the company’s lifetime, not yours. - About 10 percent of the people in the world are lefties. - Australia has over 10,000 beaches. You could visit a new beach every day for over 27 years. - You have never technically watched a full movie because you are constantly blinking. - Sound cannot travel in space because there is no atmos... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor2 days ago
Here are the few tips to raise a mature Child
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor2 days ago
King of Speed: Cosworth's CA 2.4l V8 at 20,000 rpm
This article is an exclusive extract of "King of speed", an article written by Ian Bamsey and published in Race Engine Technology Issue 73. If you wish to read more, you can buy the issue at highpowermedia.com and put 'f1technical' as voucher code to benefit a 10% reduction on your purchase price. From 1906 through to 2006, Grand Prix engine speeds rose ever higher, from less than 2000 rpm to ultimately a mind-boggling 20,000 rpm. Then the rule-maker abruptly halted the march of progress with a 19,000 rpm rev limit for 2007, subsequently reduced to the current stifling 18,000 rpm – ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor2 days ago
Why does rain not affect jet engines?
In Jet engines air is compressed by fan blades and directed to the combustion chamber, where it is mixed with fuel and ignited. The hot exhaust gases then exit the engine and provide thrust. A jet engine can handle a large amount of water ingestion, as most of the water is spun out by the fan blades and flows through the bypass duct, which is the space between the engine core and the cowling. The bypass air does not enter the combustion chamber, but rather provides additional thrust and cooling for the engine core. Therefore, only a small fraction of the water actually reaches the... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor2 days ago
What voltage are electric car motors?
The voltage of electric car motors can vary depending on the specific design and application of the motor. However, most electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) use high-voltage electric motors, typically operating at voltages between 200 and 400 volts. The exact voltage of an electric car motor depends on several factors, including the power output of the motor, the desired speed and torque, and the battery voltage. In general, larger and more powerful electric car motors require higher voltages to operate efficiently. It's worth noting that the voltage of an ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 days ago
Is it worth to sharing?
Image credit: Successpictures. 20. 19. 18. 17. 16. 15. 14. 13. 12. 11. 10. 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. Hope it was worth to share. read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 days ago
Tubectomy,Vasectomy
Around an year ago, I heard my mom suggesting my cousin to ask her husband to undergo sterilization instead of her as it's easier for men but at the end my cousin underwent the surgery. Today, in our ece class, doctor told us about stigma related to these procedures and I realized that I have already seen all this. Let's see these procedures, Tubectomy procedure involves going inside the abdomen A few small incisions are made around the belly button. A laparoscope with camera is inserted through one of the cuts. It enables surgeon to see internal structures. The surgeon then cuts... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 days ago
Why has nobody ever tried to use the force of gravity to produce electricity?
You can’t be serious! How do you think hydropower stations, tidal generators and pump batteries work? In fact, Musk is the only kook who believes polluting & toxic batteries are the solution to power-storage, other smarter and environmentally conscience engineers prefer gravity-based systems. Then there are these also… Even some modern elevators in tall buildings can generate power on the way down. Lift Energy Storage System: Turning skyscrapers into gravity batteries… This is a 19th-century aerial ropeway that’s run entirely by gravity, it uses no power and moves 300 tonnes a ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 days ago
King Edward VII - Amazing facts that you have to read.
King Edward VII, who had a special chair made for... Well, for your free time.When Edward VII was still a young prince devoid of any responsibility for the crown, he travelled far from the British capital in search of leisure and pleasure. On one of his visits to Paris, he approached Le Chabanais, one of the best-known brothels in Paris. It was located relatively close to the Louvre Museum.Edward VII was assigned his own room whenever he frequented the brothel. The prince's main problem was his overweight. To overcome the physical impediment, the cabinetmaker Louis Soubrier made w... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 days ago
Infibulation - Surprised you today?
It is surprised to know about infibulation. You may be wondering what is infibulation ? No need to worry. see below: It is the practice of removing the clitoris and labia of a girl or woman and sewing the edge of the vulva to prevent intercourse. This is complete shaving of the vagina and stitches to prevent the girl from having sex. The vagina is sealed, leaving a small hole through which the girl can menstruate or urinate. The girl's leg was bound with a rope for days to allow the wound to heal. The wound usually takes between 15 and 40 days to heal. During this time, the girl'... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 days ago
Why are monkeys’ rear ends swollen?
Forget flowers and chocolates. It's called sexual swelling. When some female primates want a male's attention, they broadcast their fertility with a swollen, bright red backside. This is with baboons, chimps, some Old World monkeys. It's nature's "available" sign, not subtle, but brutally effective. This swelling isn't about injury. It's hormones. A surge of estrogen kicks off the whole process. Blood rushes in, tissue gets engorged, the whole area puffs up dramatically. The bigger and brighter, the more attractive she is to the males. This isn't just about looks, though. Tha... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 days ago
9 Beautiful Reminders For Anyone
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 days ago
Klein bottle - Interesting mathematics facts?
We all love the Klein bottle, though not many of us know what they represent or how to describe them mathematically. Felix Klein was a German mathematician known mainly for his work in group theory ( study of algebraic structure known as groups), complex analysis ( investigates functions of complex numbers), and non-Euclidean geometry (otherwise known a hyperbolic geometry). He is best know for his conception of the Klein bottle. A Klein bottle is an object with no inside and no outside. A continuous shape where one can travel from the starting point along the surface of the obje... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 days ago
Why are diesel engines larger than petrol engines?
Diesel engines are often larger in size compared to petrol engines due to some fundamental differences in how they operate. One key factor is the higher compression ratio in diesel engines. This means that the air inside the engine's cylinders is compressed significantly before the fuel is injected. To withstand this high compression, diesel engines require sturdier components, which naturally result in a larger overall size. Moreover, diesel engines are built for durability and heavy-duty tasks. They are commonly used in trucks, industrial machinery, and generators. These applica... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 days ago
What are some useful Life Lessons?
SOME LIFE LESSONS 1. Don’t lend money to your family. Give it. 2. Never shake a hand while sitting down. 3. Stop telling people more than they need to know. 4. Never eat the last piece of something you didn't buy. 5. Don't throw your friend under the bus to impress someone. 6. Never insult the cooking when you are the guest. 7. Don't use the urinal next to an occupied one. 8. Don't take out your phone during a conversation. 9. Never take credit for work you didn't do. 10. Listen, nod, and most of all make eye contact. 11. Don't make fun of your friend in front of his kids. 12. N... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 days ago
MAN Diesel Engine, Germany 1909
This is a MAN diesel engine (Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nürnberg). From 1893 to 1897 MAN worked with Rudolf Diesel to develop his combustion cycle and build the first diesel engines. The MAN design was an inline, two-stroke engine that used double-acting cylinders. Each of the closed cylinders had a combustion chamber at its top and bottom. MAN began constructing this beast in 1909. It’s a 12,000 hp (8,948 kW), six-cylinder diesel engine. Six of these engines would be needed to produce the 70,000 hp (52,199 kW) required for the latest German battleships. read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 days ago
What is the difference between an engineer & a normal person?
Engineers differ greatly from the general populace due to their unique approach to problem-solving and innovation. While a normal person perceives things from a surface-level perspective, an engineer sees a myriad of systems, calculations, and potentials. A cracked pavement for a typical person might just be a mere nuisance; for an engineer, it’s a complex issue of material strength, wear and tear, and structural design. Their distinct analytical thinking pattern separates them from a normal person. Engineers use scientific and mathematical principles to devise solutions, inventi... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 days ago
How does power factor affect the electricity bill for a home?
This is a complex topic to explain. I will try to keep it simple. Certain loads connected to the AC supply are inductive in nature. Inductive loads react with AC (called inductive reactance) They oppose a change in current and since AC is always changing they cause the current to lag behind the voltage by some amount of electrical degrees. This is called inductive reactance. Loads like motors and gas discharge lamps like fluro’s, mercury vapour lamps and sodium vapour lamps are inductive due to the ballast or chokes used in the circuit. Between all these they form by far the great m... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 days ago
What are some fascinating lessons you should know?
1. Distance can really give you some clarity on how you feel about people. 2. When you choose peace, it comes with a lot of goodbyes. 3. Sometimes you have to play the role of a fool to fool the fool who thinks they’re fooling you. 4. The more you know, the closer you are to death. 5. Sometimes people are on journeys that we are not a part of. 6. High standards lead to fulfilling experiences. Instead of settling for average, meet high-caliber people. 7. A clear rejection is always better than a fake promise. 8. Remember, the best revenge is none. 9. ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 days ago
How do you identify snake bite by just seeking bitten marks?
Dry bites In at least 20% of pit viper bites and a greater percentage of elapid and sea snake bites, no venom is injected . Local features Fang marks: Generally, the presence of two puncture wounds indicates a bite by a poisonous snake. In the case of a non-venomous snakebite, small puncture wounds are seen arranged in an arc. Pain : Burning, bursting or throbbing pain may develop immediately after the bite and spread proximally up the bitten limb. Draining lymph nodes soon become painful. Krait and sea snake bites maybe virtually painless. Local swelling : Viper bites produce m... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 days ago
What are the disadvantages of an in-line four cylinder engine?
The inline four cylinder engine is one of the most common engine configurations utilized in various vehicles. Its simplicity and compactness have made it a popular choice among manufacturers. Here, we’ll understand into the advantages and disadvantages of this engine type, shedding light on its drawbacks that should be considered. Let's explore the downsides of the inline four cylinder engine in detail. Before we dive into the disadvantages, it's crucial to acknowledge the advantages that have contributed to the popularity of the inline four cylinder engine: 1. Compact Size: ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor4 days ago
My Blood Pressure is 150/100 is it Serious?
A blood pressure reading of 150/100 mmHg indicates that your blood pressure is elevated. Blood pressure is typically measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg), with the first number representing systolic pressure (pressure in the arteries when the heart beats) and the second number representing diastolic pressure (pressure in the arteries when the heart is at rest between beats). In general, a blood pressure reading of 150/100 mmHg falls within the stage 2 hypertension category according to the guidelines set by the American Heart Association (AHA). Here's a breakdown of the catego... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor4 days ago
Why aren’t ultra high voltage transmission lines insulated?
They are insulated, by 10 or 20 feet of air, and by glass insulators at every support point. They don’t use conventional PVC or thermoplastic insulation like low voltage wiring because - up in the air they are protected from accidental contact - thermoplastics will break down from UV exposure and have to be replaced periodically - a high maintenance cost. Air is free, no-maintenance, and lasts for ever - ultra HV will require hugely thick and costly insulation to insulate it. - insulation adds cost not only for the insulation but also because the wires beco... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor6 days ago
Transverse loading on beams
Beam is a structural member which is supported along the length and subjected to external forces or loads acting transversely i.e., perpendicular to the centre line. Chapter - 2 TRANSVERSE LOADING ON BEAMS AND STRESSES IN BEAM • Beams • Types of Supports • Types of Load • Shear Force and Bending Moment • Relationship between Shear Force and Bending Moment • Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams • Theory of Simple Bending • Load carrying Capacity • Flitched Beams • Shear Stresses in Beams • Solved Problems • Solved University Problems • Two Mark Questions and Answers 1.... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor6 days ago
Solved Problems On Cantilever Beams
solved problems on cantilever beams: Transverse Loading on Beams and Stresses in Beam - Strength of Materials SOLVED PROBLEMS ON CANTILEVER BEAMS Example 2.1: A cantilever beam of length 3m carries the point loads as shown in Fig. 2.9(a). Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams for the cantilever beam. Given: To draw: SFD and BMD Solution: SF calculation: We know that, SF is the sum of forces on either left or right side of the section. Here we are considering from right side. The force acting downward and hence it is positive. SF at D = + WD = + 500 N SF bet... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor6 days ago
University Solved Problems
university solved problems on cantilever beam: Transverse Loading on Beams and Stresses in Beam - Strength of Materials UNIVERSITY SOLVED PROBLEMS ON CANTILEVER BEAM Example 2.11: A cantilever 6m long carries load of 30, 70, 40 and 60 kN at distance of 0, 0.6, 1.5 and 2.4m respectively from the free end. Draw the SF and BM diagrams for the cantilever. Given: As shown in Fig.2.19(a). To draw: SFD and BMD Solution: SF calculation: SF at E = 30 kN SF at D = 30 + 70 = 100 kN SF at C = 100 + 40 = 140 KN SF at B = 140 + 60 = 200 kN SF at A = 200 KN Join all the values by st... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor6 days ago
Theory of simple bending
If a beam is bend only due to application of constant bending moment and not due to shear, then it is called simple bending or pure bending. THEORY OF SIMPLE BENDING 1. INTRODUCTION The following are the main objectives of the theory of simple bending. To determine, (i) The stresses developed to resist the bending moment (i.e., Bending stress) (ii) The stresses developed to resist the shear force (i.e., Shearress) If a beam is bend only due to application of constant bending moment and not due to shear, then it is called simple bending or pure bending. 2. ASSUMPTIONS IN SIMPLE ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor6 days ago
Shear Stresses in Beams
In the previous chapter theory of simple bending we assumed that no shear force is acting on the section. SHEAR STRESSES IN BEAMS In the previous chapter theory of simple bending we assumed that no shear force is acting on the section. But in actual practice, under the action of load, both the shear force and bending moment are induced. The effect of bending moment and how the cross section offers resistance has been studied in the theory of simple bending. Now let us consider the effect of shear force on the cross section of the beam. 1. SHEAR STRESS AT A SECTION Consider a bea... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor6 days ago
Review Questions
Review Questions: Transverse Loading on Beams and Stresses in Beam - Strength of Materials REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. What is beam? What are the types? Differentiate three types of beams. 2. Discuss the usual way of sign conventions for shear force and bending moment. 3. Show that the relationship between shear force and bending moment is dM/dx = -F. 4. Draw the SFD and BMD for a cantilever beam of length 'L' carrying a point load at its free end. Show all principle values of SF and BM on the diagram. 5. Draw the SFD and BMD for a cantilever beam of length 'L carrying UDL of w per m... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor6 days ago
Problems for Practice
Problems for Practice: Transverse Loading on Beams and Stresses in Beam - Strength of Materials PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE For cantilever beams 1. A cantilever beam of length 1.5m carries a point load of 3 kN at its free end and another load of 2 kN at a distance of 1m from the fixed end. Draw the SF and BM diagrams for the cantilever. 2. A cantilever beam of length 5m carries point loads of 3 kN, 4 kN and 6 kN at 0, 2 and 3.5m from the free end. Draw the SFD and BMD for the cantilever. 3. A cantilever of length 4m carries a UDL of 3 kN/m over the whole length. Draw the SFD and BMD.... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor6 days ago
Two Mark Questions & Answers
Two mark Questions and Answers: Transverse Loading on Beams and Stresses in Beam - Strength of Materials TWO MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 1. Define Beam. Beam is a structural member which is supported along the length and subjected to external loads acting transversely i.e., perpendicular to the centre line of the beam. Beam is sufficiently long as compared to the lateral dimensions. 2. What is meant by transverse loading on beams? If a load is acting on the beam which is perpendicular to the centre line of it, then it is called transverse loading. 3. How to classify the beams ac... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor6 days ago
Stress, Strain And Deformation Of Solids
"Strength of materials" is a subject which deals with the detailed study about the effect of external forces acts on materials and ability of material to resist deformation. Chapter 1: STRESS, STRAIN AND DEFORMATION OF SOLIDS • Rigid and deformable bodies • Strength, stiffness and stability • Hooke's law • Stresses - tensile, compressive and shear • Deformation of simple and compound bars under axial load • Temperature stresses • Elastic constants • Stress on inclined plane • Principal stresses and principal planes • Mohr's circle of stresses STRESS, STRAIN AND DEFORMATION ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor6 days ago
Principle of super position
Sometimes, a body is subjected to external axial forces not only at its ends, but also at some of its interior cross sections along the length of the body. *PRINCIPLE OF SUPER POSITION* Sometimes, a body is subjected to external axial forces not only at its ends, but also at some of its interior cross sections along the length of the body. In such case, the forces are split up, and their effects are considered on individual sections. The total deformation is equal to the algebraic sum of the deformation of the individual sections. This principle of finding out the resultant defo... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor6 days ago
Extension of uniformly tapering rod
Consider a bar of length L, tapering from diameter D2 to D1 and subjected to axial load P as shown in Fig.1.16. EXTENSION OF UNIFORMLY TAPERING ROD Consider a bar of length L, tapering from diameter D2 to D1 and subjected to axial load P as shown in Fig.1.16. We know that, We know that, Extension of the small elemental length dx = Strain × dx = e × dx For total extension, Substituting K value, Note: For uniformly tapering rectangular plate 24. SOLVED PROBLEMS Example 1.18: A steel rod circular in section, tapers from 3 cm diameter to 1.5 cm diameter in a length of ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor6 days ago
Unit I: Stress, Strain and Deformation of Solids-Anna University Solved Problems
Stress, Strain and Deformation of Solids - Strength of Materials: Anna University Solved Problems Stress, Strain and Deformation of Solids - Strength of Materials: University solved problems *UNIVERSITY SOLVED PROBLEMS* Example 1.44: Determine the change in length, breadth and thickness of a steel bar 4 m lồng, 30 mm wide and 20 mm thick, when subjected to an axial pull of 120 kN in the direction of its length. Take E = 200 GPa and Poisson's ratio = 0.3. Given: Length, L = 4 m = 4000 mm; Wide, b = 30 mm Thickness, t = 20 mm; Axial pull, P = 120 kN = 120 × 103 N Young's Modul... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor6 days ago
2 Mark Questions and Answers
Two mark Questions and Answers: Stress, Strain and Deformation of Solids - Strength of Materials TWO MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 1. Define stress. When an external force acts on a body, it undergoes deformation and at the same time the body resists deformation. The magnitude of the resisting force is numerically equal to the applied force. This internal resisting force per unit area is called stress. 2. Define strain. When a body is subjected to an external force, there is some change of dimension in the body. Numerically the strain is equal to the ratio of change in length to... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
BE3255 BASIC CIVIL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - SYLLABUS
*BE3255 BASIC CIVIL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING* *COURSE OBJECTIVES: * · To provide the students an illustration of the significance of the Civil and Mechanical Engineering Profession in satisfying the societal needs. · To help students acquire knowledge in the basics of surveying and the materials used for construction. · To provide an insight to the essentials of components of a building and the infrastructure facilities. · To explain the component of power plant units and detailed explanation to IC engines their working principles. ·To explain the Refrigeration & A... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
Batteries in Series or Parallel for Power Applications?
Batteries in series connection adds voltage. Batteries in series connection adds voltage. Batteries in parallel connection adds current capacity and Amp Hr capacity Combination series and parallel adds both voltage and current an Amp hr capacity to what ever is desired. Batteries should be the same type, age, state of charge, capacity in current and voltage for best results and longevity. read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
What if I eat 4 eggs daily?
Eggs are a breakfast classic and a versatile ingredient found in kitchens worldwide. While they're a rich source of protein and essential nutrients, the question arises: is it healthy to consume four eggs a day? Let's explore the nutritional aspects and considerations associated with including this egg-centric quantity in your daily diet. 1. Nutritional Breakdown: - Protein: Eggs are renowned for their high-quality protein content. Four eggs provide approximately 24 grams of protein, supporting muscle health and satiety. - Vitamins and Minerals: Eggs are a good source of essentia... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
How does an AC motor work?
An AC (alternating current) motor is a type of electric motor that operates on alternating current. AC motors are widely used in various applications, from industrial machinery to household appliances. They work by converting electrical energy into mechanical energy, thereby creating rotational motion. There are several types of AC motors, but one common type is the "synchronous" and "asynchronous" motors. Let's focus on the asynchronous motor, also known as the induction motor, which is the most commonly used type. Here's a simplified explanation of how an asynchronous AC motor ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
What is something electrical engineers know that others don't?
A fallen power transmission line is extremely dangerous Whenever we encounter a fallen power transmission line or live wire, there is a tendency to approach it. Some people mistakenly believe that it poses no harm as long as they don't touch the wire, but this assumption is incorrect. It is always better to maintain a distance of 8m to 10m from a fallen power line because even though you are not physically touching it, a fallen power line can still electrocute you. When a fault or accident occurs in a high-voltage system and if the overhead transmission line makes contact with the ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
Analysis of Stresses
In the previous chapter, we have studied about the direct tensile and compressive stress as well as simple shear stress and strain. ANALYSIS OF STRESSES 1. INTRODUCTION In the previous chapter, we have studied about the direct tensile and compressive stress as well as simple shear stress and strain. In many situations, machine components are subjected to two or more stresses on a given plane. In such situation, the resultant stress across any cross section will be neither normal or tangential to the plane. We shall analyse the nature and intensity of stresses on planes, other tha... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
University Solved Problems
Stress, Strain and Deformation of Solids - Strength of Materials: University solved problems UNIVERSITY SOLVED PROBLEMS Example 1.75: A rectangular block of material is subjected to a tensile stress of 110 N/mm 2 on one plane and a tensile of 47 N/mm2 on a plane at right angles to the former. Each of the above stresses is accompanies by a shear stress of 63 N/mm2. Determine the principal stresses, principal planes and the maximum shear stress. Given: σ1 = 110 N/mm2 σ2 = 47 N/mm2 q = 63 N/mm2 To find: Principal stresses, principal plane and maximum shear stress. Solution: ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
Review Questions
Review Questions, problems for practice: Stress, Strain and Deformation of Solids - Strength of Materials REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. Derive expressions for the normal and tangential stresses on any oblique plane in a bar subjected to tensile loading in the axial direction. 2. Derive expression for the normal and tangential stresses on any oblique plane in a material subjected to two tensile stresses acting mutually perpendicular to each other. 3. Derive expression for the normal and tangential stresses on any oblique plane in material subjected to pure shear. 4. A material subjected to... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
செய்தி துளிகள் - 26.03.2024(செவ்வாய்க்கிழமை)
🌅🌅இன்று முதல் 10ம் வகுப்பு அரசு பொது தேர்வு தொடங்குகிறது. 👉தேர்வு எழுதும் அனைத்து மாணவ, மாணவியர்களும் தேர்வில் அதிக மதிப்பெண் பெற்று வெற்றி பெற தமிழ்நாடு தொடக்கப்பள்ளி ஆசிரியர் மன்றத்தின் சார்பாக நெஞ்சார்ந்த வாழ்த்துக்களை தெரிவித்துள்ளார். 🌅🌅10-ம் வகுப்புப் பொதுத்தேர்வை எழுதவுள்ள எனதருமை மாணவச் செல்வங்களே... All the best.: முதல்வர் ஸ்டாலின் நீங்கள் பதற்றமின்றித் தேர்வை எதிர்கொள்ளத்தான் வினாத்தாளைப் படித்துப் பார்க்க முதலில் 10 நிமிடங்கள் வழங்கப்படுகிறது. அதை முழுமையாகப் பயன்படுத்திக் கொள்ளுங்கள். இதனை மற்றுமொரு தேர்வாகக் கருதி நம்பிக்கையோடு எழுதி வெற்றி பெறுங்கள். பெற்றோ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
Untitled
*இனிய காலை வணக்கம்* 👉🏻 தினம் ஒரு சிந்தனை:- அழகான நாள்கள் உங்களைத் தேடி வருவதில்லை. நீங்கள்தான் அவற்றை நோக்கி நகரவேண்டும். ☝🏻 செய்தி ஒரு பார்வை :- உச்ச நீதிமன்றம் ஆளுநருக்கோ, ஜனாதிபதிக்கோ உத்தரவிட முடியுமா?. உயர் நீதிமன்றம் அளித்த ஒரு தீர்ப்பை உச்ச நீதிமன்றம் நிறுத்தி வைப்பது, அல்லது தீர்ப்பை ரத்து செய்வது இரண்டும் ஒன்று தானா?. இரண்டு கேள்விக்கும் ஒரே விடை சரிதானா?. குற்றவாளி என்று தீர்ப்பிடப்பட்டு தண்டனை விதிக்கப்பட்ட ஒருவர் வயதையோ, நோயையோ காரணம் காட்டி தண்டனையை நிறுத்தி வைக்க கோரியதன் பேரில் உச்சநீதிமன்றம் தண்டனையை நிறுத்தி வைத்தால் அந்த நபர் குற்றவாளி இல்லை என்று பொர... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
Why is a diesel engine using a turbocharger instead of a supercharger?
The reason is quite simple: superchargers use or consume engine power while operating, and because diesel engines usually don't produce much power, installing superchargers is not popular, especially for diesel engines with a low load range or RPM. On the other hand, a turbocharger utilizes waste energy from exhaust gases to drive a turbine, which then powers a compressor to increase the intake air pressure. This process is driven by the engine's exhaust gases, resulting in improved fuel efficiency compared to a supercharger, which is typically driven mechanically by the engine vi... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
Why is Diesel–Electric engine more effective than direct diesel engine?
Why do converting mechanical power to electric power then convert electric power back to mechanical power is more effective than directly use mechanical power? They are most certainly not more efficient. Efficiency is not the reason that diesel-electric locomotives or monster mining trucks exist. The reason is that the electric motor can produce enormous torque at startup without needing a container-sized gearbox. The 2nd advantage is that power can be directly applied to all 10 or 12 locomotive wheels without needing any gearing or coupling rods. Note the lack of a gearbox and the... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
How do I convert a 230v AC to a 110V DC?
Converting 230V AC (Alternating Current) to 110V DC (Direct Current) involves a two-step process: transforming the voltage level and rectifying the current type. This conversion is commonly required for operating equipment that requires 110V DC and is essential in various electrical applications. The first step in the conversion process is to reduce the AC voltage from 230V to 110V. This is achieved using a step-down transformer, which adjusts the voltage through electromagnetic induction. The transformer's primary coil receives the 230V AC, and its design ensures that the seconda... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
Air-over-oil circuit
Fig.8.22 illustrates a typical air-over-oil circuit to make best use of advantages of both fluid mediums for counterbalancing application. AIR-OVER-OIL CIRCUIT 1. Circuit Fig.8.22 illustrates a typical air-over-oil circuit to make best use of advantages of both fluid mediums for counterbalancing application. This circuit uses an air-oil surge tank, a manually operated 3/3 DC valve, a FRL unit, a flow control valve, a pressure relief valve, and a cylinder. In the surge tank, oil is filled at the bottom and the air at the top. 2. Operation Extension: When the 3/3 DC valve is shifte... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
Hydrostatic Transmission System
Hydrostatic transmissions do not make use of the hydrodynamic forces of the fluid flow. HYDROSTATIC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM 1. What is Hydrostatic Transmission? • Hydrostatic transmission is special case of energy transmission system where the mechanical energy of the input drive shaft is converted into pressure energy in the nearly incompressible working fluid and then reconverted into mechanical energy at the output shaft. • Hydrostatic transmissions do not make use of the hydrodynamic forces of the fluid flow. There is no solid coupling of the input and output. The transmission i... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
Hydromechanical and Elecrohydraulic Servo system
Mechanical-type servo valves are generally employed in the less complex systems. HYDROMECHANICAL AND ELECROHYDRAULIC SERVO SYSTEM MECHANICAL HYDRAULIC SERVO SYSETM 1. Application of Hydromechanical Servo Valve (Hydromechanical Servo System) • Mechanical-type servo valves are generally employed in the less complex systems. • Applications for hydromechanical servo valves are on: steering devices (such as power steering system of automobiles); test and training devices; copying devices (such as on machine tools); and heavy-duty mobile equipment. Now we shall discuss on the automo... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
Electrohydraulic Servo System
Fig.8.26 illustrates a circuit that uses a closed-loop electrohydraulic servo control system. ELECTROHYDRAULIC SERVO SYSTEM 1. Construction Fig.8.26 illustrates a circuit that uses a closed-loop electrohydraulic servo control system. This circuit is very much similar to the open loop hydraulic circuit except that a servo valve replaces the flow control and directional valves. 2. Operation In this servo system, a feedback device which is attached to the hydraulic actuator senses the actuator position or speed and transmits a corresponding electrical signal to the servo valve. T... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
Review and Summary
The four important factors that should be considered while designing any fluid power circuit are: REVIEW AND SUMMARY • The four important factors that should be considered while designing any fluid power circuit are: (i) Safety of operation, (ii) Performance of desired function, (iii) Efficiency of operation, and (iv) Cost. • A hydraulic circuit is the graphic representation of the hydraulic components in a hydraulically operated machine. • In this chapter, the design, operation, and purpose of the following hydraulic circuits have been discussed: (i) Control of a single-acti... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
Problems For Practice
On Control Circuits A double-acting cylinder is hooked up in the regenerative circuit of Fig.8.3. The relief valve setting is 100 bars. The piston area is 180 cm2 and the rod area is 60 cm2. If the pump flow is 0.0015 m3/s, find the cylinder speed and load-carrying capacity for the (i) extending stroke, and (ii) retracting stroke. [Ans. (i) 0.246 m/s; 68.25 kN; (ii) 0.246 m/s; 68.25 kN] On Accumulators 1. An accumulator has a ram of 150 mm diameter and a lift of 5 m. If the oil is supplied at 50 bar, find the necessary load on the ram, and capacity of the accumulator. [Ans. 88.... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
Two Marks Q&A
1. What are the four important factors that should be considered while designing a fluid power circuit? 1. Safety of operation, 2. Performance of desired function, 3. Efficiency of operation, and 4. Cost. 2. What is the use of a regenerative circuit ? A regenerative circuit is used to speed up the extending speed of the double-acting cylinder. 3. Why is the load-carrying capacity of a regenerative cylinder small when the piston rod area is small? Regenerative cylinder extending load-carrying capacity = Fload = P.A, Therefore when piston area (A,) is small, then the load-carry... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
Accumulators and Intensifiers
An accumulator is basically a pressure storage reservoir in which a non-compressible hydraulic fluid is retained under pressure from an external source. Chapter: 9 Accumulators and Intensifiers "Think big thoughts but relish small pleasures. - Jackson Brawn. Jr. "However far moderne science and techniques have fallen short of their inherent possibilities, they have taught mankind at least one lesson: Nothing is impossible." - Lewis Mumford "Men who accomplish great things in the industrial world are the ones who have faith in the money producing power of ideas. - Charles Fil... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
weight-loaded (or dead-weight) accumulators
The construction and operation of a dead-weight type accumulator is illustrated in Fig.9.2. WEIGHT-LOADED (OR DEAD-WEIGHT) ACCUMULATORS 1. Construction The construction and operation of a dead-weight type accumulator is illustrated in Fig.9.2. It consists of a piston rod or plunger loaded with a dead weight and moving within a cylinder to exert pressure on the hydraulic oil. The dead-weight provides the potential energy to compress the fluid. The dead-weight may be concrete block, iron or steel block, or any other heavy material. The piston should have a precision fit with the a... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
Spring-loaded Accumulators
The spring-loaded accumulators are similar in construction to that of dead-weight type accumulators. SPRING-LOADED ACCUMULATORS 1. Construction The spring-loaded accumulators are similar in construction to that of dead-weight type accumulators. In this type, instead of loading the ram with dead- weight, it is preloaded with compression spring, as shown in Fig.9.3. It consists of a cylinder body, a moveable piston, and a compression spring. The spring provides the compression energy required for this accumulator. 2. Operation As the spring is compressed by the piston, the hydraul... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
Gas-loaded Accumulators
Gas-loaded accumulators, also popularly known as hydro-pneumatic accumulators, are the most commonly used accumulators in almost all the industrial applications. GAS-LOADED ACCUMULATORS 1. What are Gas-Loaded Accumulators? • Gas-loaded accumulators, also popularly known as hydro-pneumatic accumulators, are the most commonly used accumulators in almost all the industrial applications. • They work on the basis of the Boyle's gas law. They Boyle's gas law states that for a constant temperature process, the pressure of the gas varies inversely with its volume. Mathematically, • Fo... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
Non-separator type accumulators
Fig.9.4 shows a diagram of a non-separated pneumatic-loaded actuator in a circuit. NON-SEPARATOR TYPE ACCUMULATORS 1. Construction Fig.9.4 shows a diagram of a non-separated pneumatic-loaded actuator in a circuit. It consists of a fully enclosed shell containing a gas-charging valve on the top and an oil port on the bottom. The gas confines at the top and the oil remains at the bottom and there is no physical separator between them. Since the gas has direct contact with the oil, this type is termed as non-separator type accumulator. 2. Operation In this accumulator type, pressur... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
Separator type Accumulators
The above said drawbacks of the non-separator type accumulators can be eliminated in the separator type accumulators by providing a barrier between the pressurizing gas and the hydraulic fluid. SEPARATOR TYPE ACCUMULATORS • The above said drawbacks of the non-separator type accumulators can be eliminated in the separator type accumulators by providing a barrier between the pressurizing gas and the hydraulic fluid. • The separator pneumatic-loaded accumulators are the most commonly used. Because they are small, light weight and can be mounted in any position. • Types: Based on th... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
Piston type Accumulator
The construction, and operation of a typical piston type accumulator is illustrated in Fig.9.5. It consists of a cylinder body and a moveable piston with proper seals. PISTON TYPE ACCUMULATOR 1. Construction The construction, and operation of a typical piston type accumulator is illustrated in Fig.9.5. It consists of a cylinder body and a moveable piston with proper seals. 2. Operation As shown in Fig.9.5, the piston serves as the barrier between the gas and oil. The gas is confined at the volume above the piston and the oil at the volume below the piston. The gas is compresse... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
Diaphragm type accumulator
The construction of a typical diaphragm-type accumulator is shown in Fig.9.6. DIAPHRAGM TYPE ACCUMULATOR 1. Construction The construction of a typical diaphragm-type accumulator is shown in Fig.9.6. The spherical vessel is separated into two compartments by a flexible diaphragm. One compartment is connected to the hydraulic system and the other to the high-pressure gas system. Thus the diaphragm serves as an elastic barrier between the oil and the gas. 2. Operation In most designs, a spring-loaded, normally- open check valve or a screen is provided at the liquid connection to pr... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
Bladder type accumulators
The construction of a typical bladder type accumulator is depicted in Fig.9.7. BLADDER TYPE ACCUMULATORS 1. Construction The construction of a typical bladder type accumulator is depicted in Fig.9.7. It consists of a bag or bladder of synthetic material which is precharged with gas to a determined pressure. This bladder is placed within the accumulator shell and the balance of the space filled with oil. Thus the bladder serves as an elastic barrier between the gas and oil. 2. Operation When the fluid (oil) under pressure enters the accumulator, the gas in the bladder is compress... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
Accumulator circuits (Applications of accumulators)
As discussed in Section 9.1.2, accumulators are used as: ACCUMULATOR CIRCUITS (APPLICATIONS OF ACCUMULATORS) As discussed in Section 9.1.2, accumulators are used as: (i) Leakage compensator, (ii) Auxiliary power source, (iii) Emergency power source, (iv) Hydraulic shock absorber, (v) Fluid make-up device, (vi) Holding device, and (vii) Lubricant dispenser, Now, we shall explain the operation of some accumulator circuits. 1. Accumulator as Leakage Compensator • The stored energy of the accumulator can be used to compensate any possible loss of energy due to internal or externa... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
Sizing of Accumulators
Fig.9.13 shows a simple weight-loaded type accumulator. SIZING OF ACCUMULATORS 1. Analysis of Weight-Loaded Type Accumulators Fig.9.13 shows a simple weight-loaded type accumulator. Capacity of accumulator: The maximum amount of energy that the accumulator can store is known as the capacity of the accumulator. Derivation: Let A = Area of the sliding ram = π / 4 D2, D = Diameter of the ram, L = Stroke or lift of the ram, P = Intensity of pressure of hydraulic fluid supplied by the pump, and W = Total weight of the ram including the weight of the dead-load on the ram. We know... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
Pressure Intensifiers
Pressure intensifiers, also known as pressure boosters, are used to compress the liquid in a hydraulic system to a value above the pump discharge pressure. PRESSURE INTENSIFIERS INTENSIFIERS 1. What are Pressure Intensifiers ? • Pressure intensifiers, also known as pressure boosters, are used to compress the liquid in a hydraulic system to a value above the pump discharge pressure. • In other words, a hydraulic intensifier is a device which converts a large-volume, low- pressure fluid supply into a proportionately small-volume, high-pressure fluid outlet. • The intensifier is ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
Pressure Intensifier Circuits
As we know, usually a heavy punching press requires two pumps (a low-pressure pump and a high-pressure pump) to obtain the high-pressure outlet flow required for the operation. PRESSURE INTENSIFIER CIRCUITS 1. Intensifier Circuit in Punching Press Application As we know, usually a heavy punching press requires two pumps (a low-pressure pump and a high-pressure pump) to obtain the high-pressure outlet flow required for the operation. But with the use of a pressure intensifier, one can eliminate the expensive high-pressure pump in the punching press application. 1. Circuit Fig.9.... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
செய்தித் துளிகள் 25/03/2024
⛑️⛑️தொடக்கக்கல்வி பட்டய தேர்வுக்கு தனித்தேர்வர்கள் விண்ணப்பிக்கலாம் - அரசு தேர்வுகள் இயக்ககம். ⛑️⛑️ஜனவரி பருவ மாணவர் சேர்க்கை 31 வரை நீட்டிப்பு: இக்னோ பல்கலைக்கழகம் அறிவிப்பு ⛑️⛑️பிளஸ் 1 பொதுத் தேர்வு இன்று நிறைவு: விடைத்தாள் திருத்தம் ஏப்.6-ல் தொடங்கும் ⛑️⛑️Last Date For Declaration Of Income Tax Regime Option For The Financial Year 2024-25 Upto 15.04.2024. ⛑️⛑️எதிர்பாராத விபத்து உள்ளிட்ட காரணங்களால் தேர்வு நேரத்தில் சலுகை கோரும் தேர்வர்களுக்கு மாவட்டக் கல்வி அலுவலர்களே சலுகைகள் வழங்க அரசுத் தேர்வுகள் இணை இயக்குநர் உத்தரவு. ⛑️⛑️12ஆம் வகுப்பு மாணவர்களுக்கு 03.04.2024 முதல் 04.... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
Untitled
* தினம் ஒரு மூலிகை* *ஆகாச கருடன் கிழங்கு*. கோவை இனத்தைச் சார்ந்த கிழங்குடைய ஏறு கொடி தானாக வளரும் கிழங்கு கசப்பு சுவை உடையது மருத்துவ குணம் உடல் தேற்றவும் பலம் மிகுக்கவும் விஷக்கடிகள் நீக்கவும் பயன்படும் கிழங்கை மென்மையாய் அரைத்து 50 மில்லி நீரில் கொட்டைப்பாக்களவு கலந்து மூன்று நாட்கள் காலையில் மட்டும் அருந்த மேல் பூச்சாக பூசி வர நாய் நரி குரங்கு பாம்பு விலங்குகளின் கடினஞ்சு தீரும் கழங்கை தோல் நீக்கி உலர்த்தி பொடித்து ஒரு தேக்கரண்டி பொடியை சர்க்கரை கலந்து காலை மாலை சாப்பிட்டு உப்பு புளி நீக்கி உணவு உண்டு வர பாம்பு நஞ்சு கீல் பிடிப்பு மேக நோய்கள் தீரும் 100 கிராம் கிழங்குடன் 50 ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
The Rules of Efficient Steering Techniques
Bad steering is one of the most common driving errors that lead to accidents. Skilled steering determines the roadworthiness of your car, so learning safe steering is necessary. Efficient steering techniques involve: *Correct sitting position* You should always sit in the right and comfortable position. Sitting in an incorrect position or feeling uncomfortable won’t let you have complete control over your car. *Adjust the seat* Make sure you are not far away from the steering wheel. Just pick a point where you won’t have to extend your arms excessively to reach it. There is no p... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
Which part of the body is blood produced?
Image source: Overview of blood and blood components. “Blood cells are made in the bone marrow. The bone marrow is the soft, spongy material in the center of the bones. It produces about 95% of the body's blood cells.” Facts About Blood. Facts About BloodWhat is blood? Blood is the life-maintaining fluid that flows through the body's blood vessels: - Arteries - Veins - Capillaries What is the function of blood? Blood carries the following to the body tissues: - Nourishment - Electrolytes - Hormones - ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
Is Garlic good for the heart?
Yes, garlic is good for the heart! Garlic has been used for centuries. It contains compounds like allicin, which have been shown to have various health benefits, including supporting heart health. Garlic may help lower blood pressure, reduce cholesterol levels, and improve blood circulation, all of which are important for heart health. Additionally, garlic has antioxidant properties that can help protect the heart from damage caused by free radicals. One of the ways garlic benefits heart health is by promoting the relaxation of blood vessels, which can help lower blood pressure. Low... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
How do you prove Ohm's law using the classical free electron theory?
Let's see, Ohm's law is basically the idea that the current in a conductor is proportional to the voltage across it. You know, V=IR and all that jazz. But how do we explain this from a microscopic point of view? What's going on inside that metal when we apply an electric field? That's where the classical free electron theory comes in. This thing says that a metal is made of a bunch of positive ions in a lattice and a bunch of free electrons that can move around like gas molecules. The electrons are constantly colliding with each other and with the ions, but we don't care about t... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
How do you heal inflamed esophagus naturally or with home remedies?
How has thin inflammation been diagnosed/proven? Only endoscopy can do that. If really inflamed, it usually is due to acid reflux from the stomach going up into your esophagus, thus you need meds to block acid production like Histamin2 blocker like ranitidine, famotidine, or protonpump inhibitors like omeprazole, esomeprazole, pantoprazole. You get try to support these meds by following an anti reflux diet by not eating too much at a time, not eat fatty food, not smoke (stimulates the stomach to make more acid and weaken the circular sphincter muscle between stomach and lower esopha... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
Why is EARTH PIN longest and thickest ?
*Electrical engineering based reason - *More the thickness of wire/ conductor less is the resistance. A thick Earth Pin provides a less resistance path for the current to be grounded. *Safety based reason -* Somehow this longest pin is connected properly in the electrical system than other pin (phase & neutral) and ensures safe to pass the leakage current through this earth pin rather than a person operating an applice. read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
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1. இடது கையால் ஆசனம் போட்டால் ஆயுள் குறைவு; 2. இடது கையால் எண்ணெய் தேய்த்துக் கொண்டால் புத்திர நாசம்; 3. இடது கையால் சாப்பாடு போட்டுக் கொண்டால் செல்வம் அழியும்; 4. இடது கையால் படுக்கையை போட்டால் இருப்பிடம் சேதமாகும். 5. ஜோதிடர், குரு, நோயாளி, கர்ப்பிணி, மருத்துவர், சந்நியாசி முதலியவர்களுக்கு, அவர்களுடைய ஆபத்துக் காலத்தில் கண்டிப்பாக உதவ வேண்டும். இது மிகவும் புண்ணியம். 6. சகோதரன் அல்லது சகோதரி தாழ்ந்த நிலையிலிருந்தால், அவர்களுக்கு உதவ வேண்டும். 7. அண்ணியை தினசரி வணங்க வேண்டும். 8. பசு, தேர், நெய்குடம், அரச மரம், வில்வம், அரசுடன் சேர்ந்த வேம்பு இவைகள் எதிரில் குறுக்கிட்டா... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
Why is our car misfiring after changing spark plugs and coils?
There are several potential causes for a car misfiring after changing spark plugs and coils. It is possible that the spark plugs were not properly gapped, or that the spark plugs are not the correct type for the vehicle. It is also possible that the spark plug wires are not connected properly, or that the ignition coil is not functioning correctly. To diagnose and fix the problem, you will need to do some basic checks and tests. Here are some steps you can follow: First, check the condition of the spark plugs and wires. Look for any signs of damage, corrosion, or wear. Make sure th... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor2 weeks ago
Why are all the car companies stopping their diesel engines in India?
To know the answer to this we have to first understand the main difference between a diesel and a petrol engine. Petrol has short chain hydrocarbons and hence is easy to ignite. While diesel contains long chain hydrocarbons which requires a very high temperature to combust. They also produce a lot of smoke and hence greater residual exaust gases. Petrol engines use spark plugs and easy to make and hence cheap. While diesel engines use fuel injection and the fuel is ignited by compression of air-fuel mixture. Diesel engines are hence expensive to build. In the past vehicle emission ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor2 weeks ago
What is an iron lung, and is it useful for people with polio?
It is a primitive negative pressure ventilator. It is basically cylinder-like rigid metal box where the patient lies so that his or her head sticks out. A vacuum pump creates a variable negative pressure inside the cylinder so that the patient’s thorax and abdomen mimic the natural breathing rhythm. Iron lung was the first functional perpetual respirator. It was used for artificial breathing in cases, where the patient was unable to breathe on his or her own, such as respiratory paralysis, muscular dystrophy, drug overdose, poisoning etc. But being large, cumbersone and claustropho... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor2 weeks ago
Why are diesel locomotives so noisy compared to electric locomotives?
The only sound Electric Locomotives produce are of the cooling blowers that blow air to cool the internals of the Locomotive. Diesel Locomotives unlike electric Locomotives don't need OHE for power because they contain their own power source i.e. the prime mover. Prime movers are essentially very big diesel internal combustion engines. Consider a normal diesel engine but with very big displacement e.g. 126000 cc and in a V12 or V16 configuration or V8 for shunters like WDS 6(I don't remember) Above, ALCo 251 V12 diesel engine used in India locos of ALCo origin. Diesel Locomotives... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor2 weeks ago
Why the Power Symbol Looks Like this?
All of us has been seeing this icon in all our electric and electronic appliances, but do you know where does this symbol come from? It is pretty simple. It is a combination of “I” and “O”. In electronics, people use “O”(zero) to denote an off state and “I”(one) to denote on state of any appliance. So a button/icon with the power symbol indicates that the button can be used to change the state of the appliance from on to off or vice versa. read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor2 weeks ago
Why did polio patients need an iron lung?
Not all needed it, but the iron lung, a behemoth of medical engineering, became the lifeline for those whose muscles had betrayed them under polio's ruthless grip. Imagine this: your body, a prison, your breaths, shallow whispers, as polio ravages your muscles, including those you never think about because they work on autopilot—the ones that let you breathe. The iron lung worked on a simple yet ingenious principle: negative pressure. It mimicked the natural breathing process when the diaphragm and chest muscles failed. The patient lay inside this cylindrical chamber, sealed exce... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor2 weeks ago
What are the advantages of using an engine with less stroke compared to one with more stroke for the same displacement?
Bore and stroke establish an engine’s displacement, but their relationship to each other also affects the engine’s operating characteristics. This is sometimes called the stroke ratio. In general, an oversquare bore, which is an engine where the bore diameter is greater than the length of the stroke, will rev higher, and is capable of producing more horsepower, but with lower torque. An undersquare bore, where the stroke is longer than the diameter of the bore, normally produces less peak horsepower, but more torque at lower RPM’s. An example of an oversquare engine, which has a re... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor2 weeks ago
அருள்மிகு எட்டுக்குடி முருகன் திருக்கோயில் :...
திருக்குவளை அருகே உள்ளது எட்டுக்குடி முருகன் கோவில். அறுபடை வீடு முருகன் கோவில்கள் தவிர புகழ் பெற்ற முருகன் கோவில்களில் எட்டுக்குடி முருகன் கோவிலும் ஒன்று. இது மிக பழமையான கோவில்களில் ஒன்று. அருணகிரிநாதர் இந்த கோவில் குறித்து பாடல்கள் இயற்றியுள்ளார். 🙏கோயில் சிறப்பு : எட்டுக்குடி முருகன் தலத்தில் சஷ்டி விரதத்தையும் கௌரி விரதத்தையும் ஒன்றாக கடைபிடிப்பது சிறப்பு. தீபாவளியன்று கொண்டாடப்படும் கேதார கௌரி விரதம் தோன்றிய தலம் இதுதான். இங்குள்ள முருகப்பெருமான் வள்ளி, தெய்வானையுடன் மயில்மீதமர்ந்து காட்சி தருகிறார். வான்மீகர் என்ற சித்தர் இங்கு தான் சமாதியானார். பக்தர்கள் தங்கள்... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor2 weeks ago
சிந்தனை துளிகள்*
*இன்றைய நட்பும் நிகழ்வும் செய்திகள்* 15.03.2024(வெள்ளிக்கிழமை) சிலவற்றை தெரிந்து கொண்டால் தெளிவாக இருப்போம்... பலவற்றை தெரியாமல் இருந்தால் நிம்மதியாக இருப்போம்.! விவாதம் செய்வதை விட விலகி செல்வதே மேலாகும். புரியாத உறவுகளுக்கு மத்தியில்.!! தன்மானத்தை இழந்து எதையும் அடைய வேண்டும் என்று அவசியமில்லை... எந்த இடத்தில் நம்மை வைக்கிறார்களோ அதே இடத்தில் அவர்களையும் நாம் வைத்து விடவேண்டும். உறவுகள் முக்கியம் தான் அதை விட சுயமரியாதை மிக முக்கியமாகும்.!!! அனைவருக்கும் இனிய காலை வணக்கம். 🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏 *செய்தி துளிகள்* 🍒🍒உதவிப் பேராசிரியர் பணியிடங்களுக்கான தேர்வு அறிவி... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor2 weeks ago
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*நட்பும் நிகழ்வும் சமையல் குறிப்புகள்:* 〰️〰️〰️〰️〰️ 🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺 *சமையல் குறிப்புகளில் இன்று கடலைக்கறி செய்யும் முறையை பார்ப்போம் வாருங்கள்...* *கடலைக்கறி - Kadala Curry':* *தேவையான பொருட்கள்:* கருப்பு கொண்டைக்கடலை - 1 கப் பொடியாக நறுக்கிய சின்ன வெங்காயம் - 1/2 கப் பொடியாக நறுக்கிய இஞ்சி - 1 டீஸ்பூன் பொடியாக நறுக்கிய தக்காளி - 1 தேங்காய்த்துருவல் - 1 கப் தேங்காய்ப்பால் - 1/2 கப் கடுகு& உளுந்து - 1/2 டீஸ்பூன் மஞ்சள்தூள் - 1/4 டீஸ்பூன் மிளகாய்த்தூள் - 1/2 டீஸ்பூன் தனியா தூள் - 1/2 டீஸ்பூன் மிளகுத்தூள் - 1/4 டீஸ்பூன் கறிவேப்பிலை - சிறிது தேங்காய் எண்ணெய் - 2 டேபிள் ஸ்பூன... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor2 weeks ago
Untitled
*பிரமிக்க வைக்கும் சோடசலிங்கம்* 🛕திருவதிகை கோவிலில் கருவறையில் உள்ள மூலவரை சோடசலிங்கம் என்கிறார்கள்.இவரை வழிபட்டால் உடனே திருமணம் கைகூடும் என்பது ஐதீகம். 🛕திருவதிகை கோவிலில் ஒவ்வொரு பகுதியும்,ஒவ்வொரு அம்சமும் நம்மை சுண்டி இழுக்கும்.எதைப் பார்த்தாலும் நம் முன்னோர்களின் திறமை பளிச்சிடும்.குறிப்பாக கருவறை பகுதி பொக்கிஷம் போல உள்ளது. 🛕16 பட்டைகள் தாங்கி சுமார் 7 அடி உயரத்தில் மூலவர் வீராட்டனேசுவரர் உள்ளார்.இந்த அமைப்பு காண்பவர்கள் அனைவரையும் பிரமிக்க வைக்கிறது.கருவறை கட்டப்படும் முன்பே இந்த பிரமாண்ட லிங்கத்தை உள்ளே வைத்திருப்பவர்கள் போல தோன்றுகிறது. 🛕இந்த லிங்கத்துக்கு பல ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor2 weeks ago
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* தினம் ஒரு மூலிகை* *ஆவாரை*. தாவரவியல் பெயர்,Cassia Aunculata ஆவாரைக் கண்டோர் சாவாரை கண்டதுண்டோ இலை பட்டை பூ வேர் பிசின் என தனது முழு உடலையும் மருத்துவ தானமாக அளிக்கும் ஆவாரை இருக்கும்போது நோய்களை கண்டு அஞ்ச வேண்டியது இல்லை வறண்ட நிலத்திலும் குதூலத்துடன் மஞ்சள் நிற பூக்களுடன் வளரும் குறுஞ்செடி ஆவாரை மண்ணிலிருந்து முளைத்தெழும் சொக்கத்தங்கம் ஆவாரை இலைகளுக்கு கல்லீரலை பாதுகாக்கும் தன்மை உண்டு சித்த மருத்துவத்தில் நீரிழிவு நோய்க்கு பயன்படுத்தப்படும் சிறந்த மூலிகை ஆவாரை இதன் இலை வேர் பூ காய் பட்டை ஆகியவற்றை உலர வைத்து தயாரித்த சூரணத்தை மருத்துவர் ஆலோசனைப்படி எடுத்து வர நீரிழிவு நோயி... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor2 weeks ago
Untitled
*இன்றைய நட்பும் நிகழ்வும் செய்திகள்* 14.03.2024(வியாழக்கிழமை) *சிந்தனை துளிகள்* எதிலும் அளவோடு இருந்தால் அவதிப்படவும் தேவையில்லை, அவமானப்படவும் தேவையயில்லை.! தன்னை நல்லவராக காட்டிக்கொள்ள அடுத்தவரை கெட்டவராகச் சித்தரிக்கும்,எவரும் நீண்ட நாள் நல்லவர் வேடத்தில் சுற்ற முடியாது.!! எதையும் பொறுத்துக் கொள்ளும் போது நல்லவர்களாக தெரியும் நாம் எதிர்த்து கேள்வி கேட்கும் போது கெட்டவர்கள் ஆகிவிடுகிறோம்.!!! அனைவருக்கும் இனிய காலை வணக்கம். 🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏 *செய்தி துளிகள்* 📕📘தனியார் பள்ளிகள் இயக்ககத்தின் இயக்குநர் மற்றும் வய... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor2 weeks ago
Untitled
வயிற்றுபெருமல் குணமாக:- பிரண்டை – 1 துண்டு (25 கிராம்) கல்லுப்பு – 10 கிராம் இந்துப்பு – 10 கிராம் சுக்கு – 10 கிராம் ஓமம் – 10 கிராம் பூண்டு – 20 கிராம் பெருங்காயம் – 10 கிராம் பனைவெல்லம் – 50 கிராம் இவையனைத்தையும் ஒன்று சேர்த்து மைய அரைத்து வைத்துக்கொள்ளவும். இதில் பட்டாணி அளவு எடுத்து மாத்திரையாக்கி நன்கு காயவைத்து எடுத்துக்கொள்ளவும். தினமும் மூன்று வேளை உணவுக்குப்பின் 1 மாத்திரை சாப்பிட வயிற்றுவலி, வயிற்றுப்பொருமல் ஆகியன தீரும். read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor2 weeks ago
Untitled
* தினம் ஒரு மூலிகை* *ஆடாதோடை* தாவரவியல் பெயர்:Adathoda Vasica இம் மூலிகையை இனிமையான குரலுக்கு சொந்தக்காரன் என்றும் பாடாத நாவும் பாடுமே என்றும் அழைப்பார்கள் சளி ஆஸ்துமா போன்ற பல நோய்களை குணமாக்கும் ஆடாதொடையின் வேரினால் இருமல் அக்கினி மாந்தம் ஸ்வேத பித்தம் மக சுவாசம் சளி ரோகம் முதலிய நோய்கள் போகும் சளியை போக்கும் ஆடாதோடை இலையை காய வைத்து இடித்து பொடி செய்து ஒரு கிராம் வாயில் போட்டு பனங்கற்கண்டுடன் பாலுடன் சேர்த்து ஒரு மண்டலம் சாப்பிட்டு வர குரல் வளம் மேம்படும் கை கால் நீர் கட்டுதல் வாத வலிகள் திரேக வலிகள் வரட்டு இருமல் இளைப்பு வயிற்று வலி காமாலையும் தீரும் இந்த மூலிகையில் ஈயம் சத்... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
3D Printing
3D Printing creates 3D objects adding material layer by layer using the information from a computer-generated 3D model. What is 3D printing? The fundamental principle of 3D printing is that it fabricates a 3D object directly from a 3D model by adding layer by layer of material and fusing them. It uses CAD-generated 3D models to manufacture a three-dimensional object by adding material layer upon layer and fusing them. topology optimized 3d printed frame (Source – BMW) Technologists early on referred to these technologies as rapid prototyping, but since then, they have made huge st... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Material Extrusion
In material extrusion, plastic filament is fed through a heated extruding nozzle and deposited onto the building platform layer by layer. What is Material extrusion? Material extrusion is an additive manufacturing technique using continuous thermoplastic or composite material filament to construct 3D parts. The plastic filament is fed through an extruding nozzle, which heats the material to a molten state and then deposits it layer by layer onto the building platform to create a 3D part. [image: Material extrusion - FDM printer]Material extrusion – FDM printer Material extrusion i... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Acronyms, Abbreviations & Glossary of Additive Manufacturing
Additive manufacturing, commonly known as 3D printing, is an exciting technology rapidly growing in popularity due to 3D printers becoming more affordable. You can’t read an article about 3D printing without coming across many abbreviations, acronyms, jargon and terminology. The additive manufacturing industry is full of them. The introduction and disappearance of new processes, abbreviations and acronyms are a healthy part of technological advancement in the field and its evolution. [image: Material extrusion_filament]Material extrusion_filament Therefore, I have listed some of t... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Directed Energy Deposition (DED)
Directed Energy Deposition forms parts by melting material as it is being deposited using a laser, electron beam or plasma arc. What is Directed Energy Deposition? Directed Energy Deposition (DED) is one of the 7 categories of Additive Manufacturing processes. DED forms 3D objects by melting material as it is being deposited using focused thermal energy such as a laser, electron beam or plasma arc. The energy source and the material feed nozzle are manipulated using a gantry system or robotic arm. DED is increasingly used in hybrid manufacturing, where even the substrate bed is mov... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Rapid Prototyping
Rapid prototyping creates a preliminary product version to evaluate the design and its functionality. What is Rapid prototyping? Rapid prototyping (RP) quickly creates a physical part directly from its CAD model data using various manufacturing techniques. Rapid prototyping can be used at any stage of the product development cycle for any components or sub-components. Prototyping can be repeated numerous times along the new product design process using the test data to achieve the desired part. [image: High fidelity prototype - ReFlex Hand prototype and final production version]H... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Stereolithography (SLA)
Stereolithography is an additive manufacturing technology that builds three-dimensional parts layer-by-layer using a laser to cure liquid resin. What is Stereolithography (SLA)? Stereolithography is an additive manufacturing technology (3D printing process) that falls under the VAT photopolymerisation category. Vat photopolymerisation is one of the seven types of additive manufacturing technologies. SLA stands for Stereolithography, an additive manufacturing technology that builds three-dimensional models layer-by-layer using a laser to cure liquid resin. [image: Stereolithograph... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Selective Laser Sintering
Selective laser sintering uses a laser to melt and fuse fine polymer particles of material to create 3D objects. What is Selective Laser Sintering? Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) is a powder-based additive manufacturing technology that uses a laser to melt and fuse fine polymer particles of materials to create 3D objects. Commonly known as SLS, this 3D printing technology falls under the power bed fusion AM category. Powder bed fusion is one of the 7 types of Additive manufacturing technologies. [image: Selective-Laser-Sintering-support]Selective-Laser-Sintering-support Selective... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Sheet Lamination
Sheet lamination forms 3D objects by stacking material such as paper, plastic or metal foil and laminating them using welding, adhesive, heat or pressure. What is Sheet Lamination? Sheet lamination is one of the 7 types of additive manufacturing processes defined by ISO/ASTM 52900-2015. It is the process of building a 3D object by stacking and laminating thin sheets of material. The lamination method can be bonding, ultrasonic welding or brazing, while the final shape is achieved by laser cutting or CNC machining. [image: Carbon fibre sheet laminated parts]Carbon fibre sheet lamin... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Binder Jetting
Binder Jetting is an Additive Manufacturing process in which a binding liquid is selectively deposited to join powder material together to form a 3D part. What is Binder Jetting? Binder Jetting (BJ) is one of seven Additive Manufacturing techniques in which a binding liquid is selectively deposited to join powder material to form a 3D part. Among the additive manufacturing technologies today, binder jetting is unique because it does not employ heat during the process like others to fuse the material. [image: binder jetting impeller sand casting]Sand casting mould made using BJ fo... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Electron Beam Melting (EBM)
In Electron beam melting, metal powder is melted and fused layer by layer using a high electron beam to create a 3D part. What is Electron Beam Melting (EBM)? Electron beam melting is one of the Powder bed fusion technologies, in which metal powder is melted and fused layer by layer using a high electron beam. Powder bed fusion is one of the 7 types of Additive manufacturing technologies. [image: Electron Beam Melting]Electron Beam Melting (credit:GE) EBM is a proprietary additive manufacturing technology from Arcam, a GE Additive company. Watch the video to see the EBM procedure ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Material Jetting
Material Jetting is one of the seven types of Additive manufacturing technologies in which droplets of material are selectively jetted and cured to form part. What is Material Jetting? Material Jetting (MJ) is one of the 7 types of Additive Manufacturing (AM) technologies in which droplets of build and support materials are selectively jetted onto the build platform and cured by either ultraviolet light or heat to form a 3D object. The material can be jetted continuously or only when required, i.e. on-demand to create the parts. [image: Poly jetting or material jetting]Poly jetting... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)
Fused Deposition Modeling is a 3D printing technology that creates parts from the plastic filament by melting and then depositing them in layers. What is Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)? Fused deposition modeling is an additive manufacturing technology that creates 3D components using a continuous thermoplastic or composite material thread in filament form. An extruder feeds the plastic filament through an extruding nozzle, which is melted and then selectively deposited layer by layer onto the build platform in a predetermined automated path. [image: Fused deposition modeling exampl... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Additive Manufacturing
Additive manufacturing technology or 3D printing is a type of technology that uses successive layers of material to create 3D objects. What is Additive Manufacturing (AM)? The basic principle of Additive Manufacturing technology is that it uses CAD generated 3D model directly to fabricate a three-dimensional object by adding layer-upon-layer of material and fusing them. [image: Material-Extrusion_FDM]Material Extrusion (source: Makerbot) More than enough statistics support the claim that the introduction of 3D Printing has revolutionised the industrial world in a way no other produ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Vat Photopolymerization
Vat Photopolymerization is AM technology that produces 3D objects by curing photopolymer liquid resin using light waves. What is Vat Photopolymerization? Vat Photopolymerization is a type of additive manufacturing technology that produces 3D objects by selectively curing photopolymer liquid resin using light-activated polymerization. [image: SLA printer]SLA printer (source: formlabs.com) A photopolymer, also known as light-activated resin, is a polymer that changes its properties when exposed to light, often in the ultraviolet or visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum, caus... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Powder Bed Fusion
Powder bed fusion is an AM technique that uses either laser, thermal energy or electron beam to melt and fuse the material to form a 3D part What is Powder Bed Fusion? Powder bed fusion is one of seven Additive Manufacturing techniques, in which either laser, heat or electron beam is used to melt and fuse the material together to form a three-dimensional object. [image: Powder bed fusion]Figure 1. Powder bed fusion ( source:GE)Types of Powder bed fusion Both metal and plastic parts can be made using this technique and it can be classified into the following four groups by the energ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Vat Photopolymerization
Vat Photopolymerization Alternative Names: SLA™- Stereolithography Apparatus DLP™- Digital Light Processing 3SP™- Scan, Spin, and Selectively Photocure CLIP™ – Continuous Liquid Interface Production Description: A vat of liquid photopolymer resin is cured through selective exposure to light (via a laser or projector) which then initiates polymerization and converts the exposed areas to a solid part. Strengths: - High level of accuracy and complexity - Smooth surface finish - Accommodates large build areas Typical Materials: UV-Curable Photopolymer Resins The first commercialized 3... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
VAT Photopolymerisation
Vat polymerisation uses a vat of liquid photopolymer resin, out of which the model is constructed layer by layer. An ultraviolet (UV) light is used to cure or harden the resin where required, whilst a platform moves the object being made downwards after each new layer is cured. As the process uses liquid to form objects, there is no structural support from the material during the build phase., unlike powder based methods, where support is given from the unbound material. In this case, support structures will often need to be added. Resins are cured using a process of photo polyme... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
ALAGAR PUBLIC SCHOOL-ANNUAL REPORT 2017- 2018
*ANNUAL REPORT 2017- 2018* A heart filled with aspirations is all that we knew since the very existence of the school and that’s what gave us the ambition of marching forward till excellence is achieved in all our endeavours. This report is comprised of the achievements made during the year gone by and at the same time set the path for greater accomplishments in the years to come. *KINDERGARTEN* The children benefited high quality teaching which was characterized by effective use of resources high expectation and a good match of tasks to children ability levels in all parts with... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Two Marks Q&A
two marks questions and answers: Hydraulic Actuators and Control Components - Hydraulic Actuators and Control Components TWO MARKS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 1. What are fluid power symbols ? Fluid power symbols are used to represent individual components in fluid power circuit diagrams, which identify components and their functions uniquely. 2. Draw the graphic symbols for the following pumps : (a) Fixed displacement bidirectional pump, and (b) Variable displacement unidirectional pump. Ans. 3. Draw the ANSI symbols for the following motors : (a) Fixed displacement unidirectio... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Pump Performance
The performance characteristics of a pump can be represented in terms of overall efficiency. PUMP PERFORMANCE The performance characteristics of a pump can be represented in terms of overall efficiency. Overall efficiency, in turn, has two components: 'volumetric efficiency' and 'mechanical efficiency'. These three efficiencies are presented below. 1. Volumetric Efficiency • Definition: It is the ratio between the actual flow rate produced by the pump and the theoretical flow rate that the pump should produce. • Formula: • Significance: The volumetric efficiency indicates the... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Pump Characteristics
The behaviour of a pump under varying conditions is shown graphically by the curves known as characteristic curves of the pump. PUMP CHARACTERISTICS 1. What are Characteristic Curves? • The behaviour of a pump under varying conditions is shown graphically by the curves known as characteristic curves of the pump. • The characteristic curves are used to identify and interpret the following parameters of the hydraulic pumps: • Delivery at various pressures (with constant speed). • Delivery at various speeds (with constant pressure). • Volumetric efficiency, mechanical efficiency, ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Pump problems
Noise is a significant factor used to determine the performance of the pumps. PUMP PROBLEMS 1. Pump Noise • Noise is a significant factor used to determine the performance of the pumps. • Any increase in noise level normally indicates wear and danger of failure of pump. • Normally noise is measured in units of decibels (dB). • Generated noise levels depend on many factors such as the pump type, pump component materials, pump mountings, rigidity, manufacturing and fitting accuracies of the pump elements, size and flow capacity, pressure, speed of rotation, pressure pulsations... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Selection of hydraulic pumps
Pumps are selected by considering number of factors into account. Main factors among these considerations are presented in Table 4.11. SELECTION OF HYDRAULIC PUMPS (FACTORS INFLUENCING THE SELECTION OF PUMP TYPE) Pumps are selected by considering number of factors into account. Main factors among these considerations are presented in Table 4.11. Table 4.11. Factors affecting the selection of hydraulic pump 1. Safe and maximum operating pressures. 2. Maximum flow rate/delivery requirements. 3. Pump drive speed. 4. Type of control. 5. Fluid compatibility. 6. Fluid contamination... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Some Illustrative Example Problems
some illustrative example problems: Fluid Power Priniciples and Hydraulic Pumps - Hydraulics and Pneumatics SOME ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE PROBLEMS Problems On Gear Pumps Example 4.1 A gear pump has a 80 mm outside diameter, a 55 inside diameter, and a 25 mm width. If the actual pump flow at 1600 rpm and rated pressure is 95 Lpm, what is the volumetric efficiency ? Given Data: D0 = 80 mm; Di = 55 mm; L = 25 mm; N = 1600 rpm; Rated pressure = 95 Lpm. Solution: It is given that rated pressure is 95 Lpm (i.e., litres per minute). That means, the actual discharge, QA = 95 Lpm = 95 ×... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Review and Summary
A hydraulic pump is a device which converts mechanical energy into hydraulic energy. REVIEW AND SUMMARY • A hydraulic pump is a device which converts mechanical energy into hydraulic energy. • Pump classification: 1. Non positive displacement (hydro-dynamic) pumps, and (a) Centrifugal pumps, (b) Axial flow pumps, and (c) Mixed flow pumps. 2. Positive-displacement (hydro-static) pumps, and (i) Rotary pumps (a) Gear pumps, (b) Vane pumps, and (c) Screw pumps. (ii) Reciprocating pumps (a) In-line axial piston pump, (b) Bent axis axial piston pump, and (c) Radial piston pump. ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Two Marks Q&A
two marks q & a : Fluid Power Priniciples and Hydraulic Pumps - Hydraulics and Pneumatics TWO MARKS Q & A 1. What is the function of a hydraulic pump ? A hydraulic pump is a device which converts mechanical energy into hydraulic energy. 2. How can you classify pumps ? 1. Non-positive displacement pumps, and 2. Positive displacement pumps. (a) Rotary pumps (such as gear pumps, vane pumps, and screw pumps) (b) Reciprocating pumps (such as axial and radial piston pumps) 3. Where are non-positive displacement pumps employed? Why? The non-positive displacement pumps are suitable ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Review Questions
REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. (a) Mention the role of a pump in a hydraulic system. ( b) How can you classify pumps? 2. Classify the positive displacement pumps. 3. Explain how positive displacement pumps build pressure compared to rotodynamic pumps. What are the advantages of positive displacement pumps? 4. Explain the constructional features and working principles of external gear pump with neat sketches. Also determine its theoretical discharge and performance measures. 5. How does an internal gear pump differ from an external gear pump? 6. Write short notes on lobe pump. 7. ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Why should we use a star-star connection?
OQ: For the most part you usually shouldn’t, except under special circumstances. A star-star connection is a topology used to build a three phase transformer. Both the primary and secondary windings in the transformer are connected to their source and load lines, respectively, in a star configuration, also known as a Y, configuration. The other possibility is a the Delta connection. Here’s a diagram to make the difference clear: The star connection gives you a true neutral (N) and always produces a four wire circuit. The delta connection is what Navy ships use. The delta topolo... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
What happens when a piston ring breaks?
A piston ring is a metal ring that fits around the piston in an engine. It has two main functions: to seal the combustion chamber and prevent the leakage of gases and to control the oil consumption and lubrication of the cylinder wall. A piston ring is constantly exposed to high temperatures, pressures, and friction, so it can wear out or break over time. When a piston ring breaks, it can cause several problems for the engine. Some of the possible effects are: Loss of compression: A broken piston ring can create a gap between the piston and the cylinder wall, allowing the combusti... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Driving License Classes & Types in Singapore
At what age can you drive in Singapore? The minimum age requirement to drive and obtain a driving licence in Singapore varies depending on the licence class. Here are the legal driving age requirements for each class: Class 2B: 18 years old Class 2A: 19 years old Class 2: 20 years old Class 3, Class 3A, Class 4, and Class 5: 18 years old It's important to note that these age requirements are the minimum age to apply for the respective classes of licence, and additional requirements, such as passing the required tests, must also be met. How can I apply for a Qualified Driving Lice... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Different Driving License Classes In Singapore
Did you know that there are 11 different driving licence classes in Singapore? You’re most probably familiar with the Class 3/3A licence, as it’s a common one that people get after passing their driving tests. But apart from that, there’s also something called the Class 2 licence, Class 4 licence, and Class 5 licence. With so many licence classes available, it’s easy to feel confused as to which one you should go for. This easy guide will help you understand the different types of licence classes in Singapore so that you can make a better informed decision. *Driving licence cla... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Solved problem on Pressure Measurement
solved problem on pressure measurement: Fluid Properties and Flow Characteristics - Fluid Mechanics and Machinery SOLVED PROBLEM ON PRESSURE MEASUREMENT Example - 47 Express the pressure intensity of 0.7356 N/mm2 gauge absolute pressure in (i) KN/m2 of and (ii) in m of water. Given data: Gauge pressure = 0.7356 N/mm2 = 0.7356 × 106 N/m2. Solution: Case (i) in KN/m2 Absolute pressure = Atmosphere pressure + Gauge pressure W.K.T Atmospheric pressure = 1.014 × 105 N/mm2 Absolute pressure = 1.014 × 105 + 0.7356 × 106 = 8.37 × 105 N/m2 = 837 KN/m2 Absolute pressure = 837 KN/m... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Solved Problems on Pascals Law
Solved Problems on Pascals law: Fluid Properties and Flow Characteristics - Fluid Mechanics and Machinery Solved Problems on Pascals law Example - 52 The diameters of ram and plunger of an hydraulic press are 180 mm and 28 mm respectively. Find the weight lifted by the hydraulic press when the force applied at the plunger is 380 N. Given data: Diameter of ram D= 180 mm = 0.18 m Diameter of plunger d = 28 mm = 0.028 m Force on the plunger (F) = 380 N. To find: Weight (W) = ? Solution: In pascals law the intensity of pressure will be equally transmitted. Result: Weight li... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Solved Problem on Manometers
solved problem on manometers: Fluid Properties and Flow Characteristics - Fluid Mechanics and Machinery SOLVED PROBLEM ON MANOMETERS Example - 58 A U-tube manometer is used to measure the pressure of oil of specific gravity 0.95 flowing in a pipe line. Its left end is connected to the pipe and the right limb is open to atmosphere. The centre of the pipe is 110 mm below the level of mercury in right limb. If the difference of meucury level in the two limbs is 170 mm. Determine the absolute pressure of the oil in the pipe. Given data: SP. gravity of oil s1 = 0.95 SP. gravity o... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Buoyancy
When a body is immersed partially or fully in a fluid it experiences a vertical upward force. BUOYANCY AND FLOATATION 1. Introduction When a body is immersed partially or fully in a fluid it experiences a vertical upward force. This upward vertical force acting on a floating of submerged body is known as buoyancy force. The buoyance force is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body or equal to the loss of weight of the body when it is weighed in the liquid. This buoyance force acts through the centre of gravity of the displaced fluid and this point is called the ce... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Flotation
When a body is immersed in any liquid, it experiences two forces. FLOTATION When a body is immersed in any liquid, it experiences two forces. First one is the weight of the body w acting vertically down words. Second is the buoyancy force F acting vertically upwards. In case w > Fb, the weight will cause the body to sink in the fluid. In case w = Fb the body will remain in equilibrium at any level. If w < Fb the body will move upwards in fluid, The body moving up will come to rest or stop moving up in fluid when the fluid displaced by its submerged part is equal to its weight (w)... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Meta Centre and Meta Centre Height
The figure shows two positions of a floating body when it is in equilibrium condition and disturbed condition by external force from its original equilibrium. META CENTRE AND META CENTRE HEIGHT The figure shows two positions of a floating body when it is in equilibrium condition and disturbed condition by external force from its original equilibrium. In new tilted position of the body the centre of gravity G remains at the same position but the centre of buoyancy B is shifted from B1 to B1 and Fb acts upward through B1 and B1 is the new centre of buoyancy of the displaced liqu... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Equilibrium of the Floating Body
A body is said to be in a state of stable equilibrium if a small angular displacement of the body sets a couple that tends to oppose the angular displacement of the body, position. STABILITY OF THE FLOATING BODY (i) Stable Equilibrium: A body is said to be in a state of stable equilibrium if a small angular displacement of the body sets a couple that tends to oppose the angular displacement of the body, position. In this case the M (Meta-centre) always remains above G (Centre of gravity of the body). (ii) Unstable Equilibrium: A body is said to be in a state of unstable equilibri... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Stability of a Submerged Body
The stability of a submerged body is determined by the relative position of the centre of gravity G and centre of buoyancy B of the body. STABILITY OF A SUBMERGED BODY The stability of a submerged body is determined by the relative position of the centre of gravity G and centre of buoyancy B of the body. If G is located below B, the body remains in stable equilibrium. IfG is above B, then the body is in unstable equilibrium. If G coincides with B, the body is in neutral equilibrium. Consider a balloon submerged in air an shown in figure or a submarine fully submerged in water. ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Stability of a Floating Body
The stability of a floating body is determined by the relative position of the centre of gravity, and the meta centre M of the body. STABILITY OF A FLOATING BODY The stability of a floating body is determined by the relative position of the centre of gravity, and the meta centre M of the body. If G is located below M, the floating body remains in stable equilibrium. If G is above M, the body is in unstable equilibrium. If G coincides with M, the body is in neutral equilibrium. Consider partially immersed body floating in a liquid which is initially in equilibrium with FB = w. T... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Determination of Meta-Centre Height
When the body has undergone small strip of dx at a distance x from the centre O, the depth of immersion can be expressed as z +x tan θ. DETERMINATION OF META-CENTRE HEIGHT 1. Analytical Method When the body has undergone small strip of dx at a distance x from the centre O, the depth of immersion can be expressed as z +x tan θ. Taking moments about a vertical plane at a distance x1 from O, the have For equilibrium position, 2. Experimental Methods for Matacentric Height Consider a floating in water with its top surface horizontal as shown in figure 1.45. Let a small movable ma... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Solved Problems on Buoyancy and Floatation
Solved Problems on Buoyancy and Floatation: Fluid Properties and Flow Characteristics - Fluid Mechanics and Machinery Solved Problems on Buoyancy and Floatation Example - 87 A body weighs 190 N in air and 110 N what immersed in water. Find (i) Volume and (ii) Specific gravity of the body. Give data: Body weighs in air = 190 N Body weighs in immersed water = 110 N To find: (i) Volume (ii) Specific gravity of the body Solution: 1) The body weighing 110 N means that the tension in the cord is 110 N of shown in figure. During equilibrium Σρy = 0 w – T - Fb = 0 190 - 110 - Fb... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Hydraulic Turbines
A hydraulic turbine is a machine which converts the potential energy and kinetic energy possessed by water (hydraulic energy) into mechanical energy in the form the rotation of runner. HYDRAULIC TURBINES A hydraulic turbine is a machine which converts the potential energy and kinetic energy possessed by water (hydraulic energy) into mechanical energy in the form the rotation of runner. These are also called as water turbines. The mechanical energy turbine is further converted into electric energy by an electric generator which is directly coupled to the shaft of hydraulic turbin... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Turbines
Turbines are machines which converts fluid power to shaft power, which rotates generators to provide electric power. Depending upon the fluid used, the turbines are known as hydraulic turbines, steam turbines and Gas turbines. TURBINES INTRODUCTION Turbines are machines which converts fluid power to shaft power, which rotates generators to provide electric power. Depending upon the fluid used, the turbines are known as hydraulic turbines, steam turbines and Gas turbines. This chapter is confined to hydraulic turbines such as pelton wheel, Francis turbine and kaplan turbine. read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Comparison of Francis and Pelton Turbines
Comparison between Francis & Pelton turbine: Turbines - Fluid Mechanics and Machinery COMPARISON OF FRANCIS AND PELTON TURBINES Table 5.3 Comparison between Francis & Pelton turbine read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Comparison of Francis and Kaplan Turbine
Comparison between Francis & kaplan turbines: Turbines - Fluid Mechanics and Machinery COMPARISON OF FRANCIS AND KAPLAN TURBINE Table 5.4 Comparison between Francis & kaplan turbines read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Unit Quantities
The following are the three important unit quantities which must be studied under unit head: UNIT QUANTITIES In order to predict the behaviour of a turbine working under varying conditions of head, speed, output and gate opening, the results are expressed in terms of quantities which may be obtained when the head on the turbine is reduced to unity. The conditions of the turbine under unit head are such that the efficiency of the turbine remains un affected. The following are the three important unit quantities which must be studied under unit head: (1) Unit speed (2) Unit disc... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Specific Speed of Turbine
It is defined as the speed of a turbine which is identical in shape, geometrical dimensional, blade angle, gate opening etc., with the actual turbine but of such a size that it will develop unit power when working under unit head. SPECIFIC SPEED It is defined as the speed of a turbine which is identical in shape, geometrical dimensional, blade angle, gate opening etc., with the actual turbine but of such a size that it will develop unit power when working under unit head. It is denoted by the symbol Ns. The specific speed is used in comparing the different type of turbines as ev... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Characteristic curves of hydraulic turbines
Characteristics curves of a hydraulic turbines are the curves, with the help of which the exact behavior and performance of the turbine under different working condition can be known. CHARACTERISTIC CURVES OF HYDRAULIC TURBINES Characteristics curves of a hydraulic turbines are the curves, with the help of which the exact behavior and performance of the turbine under different working condition can be known. These curves are plotted from the result of the tests performed on the turbine under different working conditions. The important parameter which are varied during a test on ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Flow through Circular Conduits
A closed conduit, carrying fluid under pressure is called pipe. The terms pipe and duct are usually used interchangeably for sections. FLOW THROUGH CIRCULAR CONDUITS INTRODUCTION A closed conduit, carrying fluid under pressure is called pipe. The terms pipe and duct are usually used interchangeably for sections. In general flow sections of circular cross-sections are referred to as pipes when the fluid is a liquid and sections of non- circular cross section of ducts when the fluid is a gas. Small diameter pipes are usually referred as tubes. 1. Flow Through Pipe Pipes are common... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Boundary Layer Concepts
During a fluid flow, layer of fluid which comes in contact with the boundary surface of solids body and adheres to it due to viscosity. BOUNDARY LAYER CONCEPTS 1. Introduction During a fluid flow, layer of fluid which comes in contact with the boundary surface of solids body and adheres to it due to viscosity. Viscosity is the of the most important property of fluid. The neglect of viscosity in fluid flow problems gives solutions in which are not applicable in real flow situations. In all real fluids flow cases the consideration of viscosity is important. However, the inclusion ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Turbulent Flow
When a fluid is flowing through a pipe it is observed beyond critical Reynolds number, the laminar flow becomes unstable. TURBULENT FLOW When a fluid is flowing through a pipe it is observed beyond critical Reynolds number, the laminar flow becomes unstable. Once instability sets in turbulence in the force of eddies speedy rapidly covering the entire flow region. In turbulant flow, the slow parameters such as pressure and velocity at any point in the flow medium are continuously fluctuating in a random manner. Usually the turbulant flow of fluids consider when pipes running full... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Hydraulic Gradient line and Energy Gradient line
The study of the flow of fluids in pipes, the concepts of hydraulic gradient line and total energy line is very much important. HYDRAULIC GRADIENT LINE AND ENERGY GRADIENT LINE 1. Introduction The study of the flow of fluids in pipes, the concepts of hydraulic gradient line and total energy line is very much important. Its graphically represents the total loss of energy and loss of pressure head or piezometric head at different points of the pipe in direction of flow with respect to Datum line of from the centre line of the pipe. 2. Total Energy Line (TEL) (or) Energy Gradient L... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor4 weeks ago
Why Does A High Voltage Wire Make A Noise?
As you know, high voltage lines consist of 2 wires that pass current. These wires create a magnetic field on top of each other, and these magnetic fields cause a magnetic force to act on the wires. Since the current passing is alternating, that is, it is variable, this force also changes constantly with the current. This variable force causes the wires to oscillate. Here is the buzz we hear from the oscillation of the strings. It is based on alternating current. Alternating current varies according to the sine function (sine wave). So the main reason for this is the famous trigonom... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor4 weeks ago
Why Don’t Birds Sitting On Wires Get Electrocuted?
The reason birds don’t get electrocuted when sitting on power lines is because they are not completing the circuit that is required for electricity to flow. If a bird were to have one foot on the wire and the other foot on the ground or a different wire, the bird would be electrocuted because it would be acting as a conducting medium. Characters in the movies often end up with a blackened face and frizzy hair after coming in contact with a live wire charged with electricity. As observers, we laugh our hearts out at these ridiculous moments, but in real life, a live wire won’t be so... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor4 weeks ago
Transient Heat Transfer
Thanks To *Pratik* What is Transient heat transfer? The type of heat transfer in which, the temperature of the body changes with respect to time is known as transient heat transfer. It is also known as the Unsteady-state heat transfer. Therefore for transient heat transfer, dt∂τ��∂� ≠ 0 Where, dt = Change in temperature d𝜏 = Time interval In transient heat conduction, the temperature and rate of heat flow at a point change continuously with respect to time. Transient heat transfer examples: In real conditions, the heat transfer mostly takes place in a transient way. Here are s... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor4 weeks ago
Internal Combustion Engine: Working, Types, Efficiency
Thanks To *Pratik* Heat engines are the machine that converts the heat energy into the mechanical work. Based on the combustion process, these heat engines are classified as Internal combustion engines (ICE) and External combustion engines (ECE). In this article, we will discuss Internal combustion engines in detail. What is an Internal combustion engine? Internal combustion (I.C.) engines are heat engines in which the combustion process is carried out internally, i.e., inside the combustion chamber. The high-pressure gases arise during the combustion are then used to do some use... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor4 weeks ago
What causes a piston to break in an Engine?
A piston is a cylindrical metal part that moves up and down inside the cylinder of an engine. It is connected to the crankshaft by a connecting rod, and it compresses the air-fuel mixture in the combustion chamber, where it is ignited by a spark plug or a glow plug. The explosion of the mixture pushes the piston down, creating power and turning the crankshaft. The piston also transfers heat from the combustion chamber to the cylinder wall and the cooling system. A piston can break in an engine due to various reasons, such as: *Foreign object damage:* This is when a foreign object, ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor4 weeks ago
Why Do Diesel Engines Have A Depression In The Piston For The Combustion Chamber While Gasoline Engines Use Flat Pistons And Have A Depression In The Head Instead?
Petrol engines mix the fuel and air together and THEN ignite it Diesels have the fuel burning as it is injected This means that the fuel and the air have to find each other as it ignites - there is no time for it to mix That bowl in the piston is designed to make the air swirl - like a smoke ring - The injector is in the center and it will blast the fuel out of about six tiny nozzles to meet with the air swirling past That way the air and the fuel find each other in order to burn read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor4 weeks ago
What Is The Maximum Temperature The Human Body Can Reach?
The maximum temperature the human body can reach is typically around 108 to 109 degrees Fahrenheit (42.2 to 42.8 degrees Celsius). At this point, the body's thermoregulatory mechanisms are overwhelmed, and hyperthermia (elevated body temperature) can lead to serious medical conditions, including heat stroke. Prolonged exposure to high temperatures or engaging in strenuous physical activity in a hot environment can contribute to an increase in body temperature. It's important to note that sustaining a body temperature above 104 degrees Fahrenheit (40 degrees Celsius) for an extended... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor4 weeks ago
Why Do Diesel Engines Have To Use Turbo?
Actually, it doesn't have to be; there are lots of NA diesel engines in circulation and use, but most modern ones are turbocharged to produce more power with the same or smaller engine capacity. One common knock against diesel engines is their perceived lack of horsepower compared to gasoline engines. Diesel engines typically have lower RPM ranges, meaning they need more displacement (engine size) to achieve the same peak power as a gasoline engine. However, where they shine is in torque, offering more pulling power at lower revs. Think of it like lifting a heavy weight; a diesel e... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor4 weeks ago
Why do we return neutral to earth?
First, we have to debunk the assumption inherent in that question, which is that neutral does go to ground. It sometimes does, and sometimes does not, depending entirely on where you're working and what you're working on. The National Electric Code (NFPA 70) requires that neutral and ground be bonded at the main service entrance for residential eletrical service. English translation: the ground bus and neutral bus in your main panel are solidly tied together (typically via a bonding strap). This is done in this and only this location! Bonding ground and neutral again elsewhere in the... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor4 weeks ago
What is the difference between earthing and grounding?
Earthing: Earthing refers to the connection of electrical systems or equipment to the Earth's conductive surface. The purpose of earthing is to provide a safe path for electrical faults, such as short circuits or electrical leakage, to flow into the ground. Earthing helps protect people and property from electric shock and minimizes the risk of fire or equipment damage. In an electrical system, earthing typically involves connecting the non-current-carrying parts of electrical equipment, such as metal enclosures or casings, to the Earth using conductive materials, like copper rod... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor4 weeks ago
Why is it called a C-type charger?
A C-type charger, also known as a USB-C charger, is a type of connector that is used to charge electronic devices such as smartphones, laptops, and tablets. The "C" in USB-C stands for "Type-C", which refers to the shape of the connector. USB-C is a relatively new standard for charging and data transfer that was introduced in 2014. It was developed by the USB Implementers Forum (USB-IF), a group of companies that includes Apple, Google, HP, Intel, Microsoft, and others. The USB-C connector is smaller and more versatile than the older USB-A and USB-B connectors, which were larger a... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor4 weeks ago
20 Largest Electric SUVs (For Big Family & Long Trips) 2023
Source: quattroruote We can see a huge rise in the number of large electric SUVs as their demand is increasing nowadays. Since there are more choices than ever, it’s no surprise that it can be hard to find the best one. There are several excellent options available; for example, the Tesla Model X Plaid, which can accelerate from 0 to 60 mph in 2.3 seconds under ideal circumstances. Moreover, there are electric SUVs that can be driven in water as deep as four feet and on virtually any surface. If you’re seeking a full-size electric SUV, we’ve narrowed down some of the best SUVs a... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor4 weeks ago
The 30 Fastest Production Cars Ever Made!
Source: 21motoring Performance car manufacturers have long been drawn to the quest for peak speed, and this fascination persists even as the automotive industry enters the electric age. The “normal” sports cars and supercars just don’t cut it. Therefore, multi-million-pound hypercars keep pushing the limits of what’s possible in terms of speed. In the previous century, the quest to create the quickest car had seen autos grow slightly quicker than horses, reaching speeds of well over 100 mph in around two decades. In the 1950s, Aston Martin’s DB4 GT surpassed 150 mph, while in t... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor4 weeks ago
Top 20 Electric Supercars in 2023
The supercar is a mainstay of bedroom wall posters; it is the vehicle that many of us aspire to drive and buy one day. Electric supercars are now a reality, breaking all records for speed, acceleration, and beauty. Tesla is leading the way, proving that it is possible and that EVs do not have to be dull and slow. Even supercar manufacturers are now producing all-electric vehicles. Electric vehicles have much more torque and power than gasoline vehicles; best of all, they emit no pollution. Modern-day electric supercars offer thrilling performance, an enjoyable driving experienc... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor4 weeks ago
30 Most Rare Cars In The World | Beauty and Elegance
Source: automotivedesignplanet The world of rare and exotic cars has always fascinated car enthusiasts and collectors alike. These rare cars are not only a symbol of luxury and power but also represent a piece of automotive history that is preserved for future generations. Rare cars hold immense value in the automotive world, with their unique designs, limited production runs, and historical significance making them highly sought-after by car lovers. The rarity of these cars adds an extra level of allure and mystique. These cars are not only rare, but they are also iconic and ha... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor4 weeks ago
How Many Bugattis Are In The World?
Since its debut in 1905, Bugatti has been a leading manufacturer of high-end sports cars. The French company makes luxury vehicles that may cost tens of millions of dollars. So how many Bugattis are there in the world? Since the Volkswagen Group bought Bugatti in 1998, the company has sold over 1000 cars across the world. Models like the Veyron and Chiron have sold by the hundreds, while others, like the Centodieci, were in limited production. Bugatti also produced several one-off models. Getting your hands on a Bugatti is a huge accomplishment because the process may take yea... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor4 weeks ago
Devel 16 Car | The Ultimate Hypercar of the Future
If you are a fan of high-performance cars, then you have probably heard of the Devel 16. This hypercar is one of the most talked-about vehicles in the automotive world and for a good reason. The Devel 16 is the ultimate dream car for those who crave speed and power. The Devel 16 is a concept car that is stated to have a 5,000-horsepower engine, accelerates from 0 to 60 mph in 1.8 seconds, and goes as fast as 364 mph (586 km/h). The car development work seems to have picked up in 2021/22. Its announced price is $1.7 million and it looks like a full launch is coming soon. The de... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor4 weeks ago
Top 20 Concept Cars of All Time
What characteristics distinguish a fantastic concept car? Concept vehicles are futuristic models representing the next automotive design and innovation phase. Most concept vehicles are somewhat idealistic, but the best ones inspire enthusiasm and give us a peek at the future of transportation. Additionally, if they seem excellent, that is just a plus. Welcome to the fascinating world of concept automobiles, where creativity and engineering converge. We urge you to read this article to learn more about the cutting-edge world of concept automobiles, where producers test the limit... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor4 weeks ago
15 Coolest Concept Cars
There aren’t many things in the automotive sector that thrill gearheads more than concept cars. Concept cars provide a perfect platform for automotive designers and engineers to test out some of their wildest ideas because they are not subject to any regulations set by various regulatory bodies, or even the laws of physics in some cases. While most concept cars are never produced, some of them turn out to be among the best modern vehicles when they are produced by manufacturers. Over the years, automakers have unveiled a number of outstanding concept cars. In this article, we w... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor4 weeks ago
Adsorption in Waste Water
[image: adsorption process in wastewater treatment, methods to remove pollutants from water, advantages and disadvantages of adsorption in wastewater treatment, natural adsorbents for wastewater treatment] What is adsorption in waste water? Adsorption with active carbon is frequently used as tertiary purification for the removal of organic micropollutants and COD from wastewater, as well as metals in organic complexes to a lesser extent. The adsorption factor is determined by various groups and compounds in the substances to be removed. Description of the method and installation ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor4 weeks ago
What is the reason behind cars having a 4 or 6 cylinder engine?
The choice between a 4 or 6 cylinder engine in cars often comes down to a balance between performance, fuel efficiency, and cost. Here are some reasons behind the prevalence of these cylinder configurations: 1. Power and Performance: Generally, the more cylinders an engine has, the more power it can produce. A 6-cylinder engine typically offers better performance compared to a 4-cylinder engine due to having more cylinders firing, which generates more power. 2. Smoothness: Engines with more cylinders tend to run more smoothly because they have more power stroke... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor4 weeks ago
Casio fx-991MS Tips and Tricks
Introduction The Casio fx-991MS is an affordable scientific calculator with many powerful features. Some of these can greatly reduce the effort to solve problems, while others can be abused in interesting and fun ways. Being able to use these features can also be helpful on tests and exams where scientific calculators are allowed but more powerful graphing calculators are not. On this page, I will show you some advanced and clever tricks that you can do with the calculator. Although the article is for the Casio fx-991MS calculator (and all the tricks mentioned here are guaranteed... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor4 weeks ago
What do MC, MR, MS, M+, and M- in calculators do?
MC, MR, MS, M+, and M- are commonly found on calculators and are used for memory functions: - MC (Memory Clear): Clears the memory. - MR (Memory Recall): Recalls the value stored in the memory. - MS (Memory Store): Stores the displayed value in the memory. - M+ (Memory Add): Adds the displayed value to the value already in the memory. - M- (Memory Subtract): Subtracts the displayed value from the value already in the memory. These functions are useful for temporarily storing values during calculations. The buttons can be handy for doing repeated calculations wit... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor4 weeks ago
Untitled
*ஆண்களுக்கு முடி ஏன் விழ ஆரம்பிக்கிறது, காரணம் தெரிந்தால் வழுக்கை வராமல் காப்பாற்றப்படுவீர்கள் என்பதை ஆரம்பத்திலேயே தெரிந்து கொள்ள வேண்டியது அவசியம்* இன்றைய காலக்கட்டத்தில் முடி உதிர்தல் என்பது ஆண்களின் பொதுவான பிரச்சனையாக மாறி வருகிறது. ஆண்களுக்கு 20-25 வயதிலிருந்தே முடி வேகமாக உதிரத் தொடங்குகிறது. எல்லாவற்றிற்கும் மேலாக, இதற்கு என்ன காரணம்? காரணங்களில் கவனம் செலுத்தினால், முடி உதிர்வதைத் தடுக்கலாம். 30-35 ஆண்டுகளுக்குப் பிறகு, ஒரு நாளில் 50-60 முடிகள் உதிர ஆரம்பித்தால், அது ஒரு நோயல்ல. இது வயது அதிகரிக்கும் போது நடக்கும் ஆனால் இன்றைய சூழ்நிலையில் 20 வயது முதல் 25 வயது வரை மு... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor4 weeks ago
Pipe Fittings
Used in Cast Iron pipes, The C.I Pipes are made with one end normal and other end enlarged, Normal end is called the spigot end. PIPE FITTINGS Requirements of jointing material (i) Imperviousness (ii) Elasticity (iii) Strength (iv) Durability (v) Adhesiveness (vi) Workability (vii) Economy (viii) Availability Different types of joints are: (i) Spigot and socket joint (ii) Flanged joint (iii) Mechanical joint or Dresser coupling (iv) Flexible joint (v) Expansion joint (vi) Simplex joint (i) Spigot and Socket joint • Used in Cast Iron pipes • The C.I Pipes are ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor4 weeks ago
Aerators of Flash Mixers
It is an important unit operation of gas transfer. In this process, water is brought in intimate contact with air, so as to absorb oxygen and to remove carbon dioxide gas. AERATORS OF FLASH MIXERS • It is an important unit operation of gas transfer. • In this process, water is brought in intimate contact with air, so as to absorb oxygen and to remove carbon dioxide gas. Objectives of aeration are: (i) It removes tastes and odours caused by gases due to organic decomposition. (ii) It increases the dissolved oxygen in water. (iii) It removes the hydrogen sulphide and odour pr... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor4 weeks ago
Coagulation and Flocculation
The very fine suspended and colloidal particles in water do not settle under gravity In plain sedimentation thanks. Such particles can however, be removed by increasing their size and mass i.e., by changing them into flocculated particles. COAGULATION AND FLOCCULATION The very fine suspended and colloidal particles in water do not settle under gravity In plain sedimentation thanks. Such particles can however, be removed by increasing their size and mass i.e., by changing them into flocculated particles. To achieve this chemicals called coagulants. are added to water which forms ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor4 weeks ago
Operating Principles of Sand filters in Water treatment
To remove very fine suspended and colloidal particles that do not settle in th sedimentation process. To remove dissolved impurities in water. To remove pathogenic bacteria from water.on (iv) To remove colour, odour, turbidity in water. SAND FILTRATION The process of passing the water through the beds of granular materials (filters) known as filtration. Purpose of filtration : (i) To remove very fine suspended and colloidal particles that do not settle in th sedimentation process. (ii) To remove dissolved impurities in water. (iii) To remove pathogenic bacteria from water.on ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor4 weeks ago
Which engine is more powerful Diesel or petrol?
First of all let me make one thing clear that when an engine is stated to have a specific power or torque, these are the peak values on the power or torque curves. These are just one point on the respective curves and basically mean that when engine will run at that specific RPM, it will produce maximum power or torque, as the case may be. At any other RPM, power and torque will be less than this stated peak value. The graph below represents an engine with 110 kW power at 5500 RPM and 236 NM of torque at 3600 RPM. At other RPMs (which is the case most of the time when driving), bo... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor5 weeks ago
Clarifiers Systems
Clarifiers are required where ever the Suspended solids in raw/waste water are higher in concentration. Almost all treatment plant (Clarifiers) sedimentation tanks of circular or sometimes rectangular design. Clarifiers work on the principle of gravity settling. The heavier suspended solids settle in the clarifier due to the quiescent conditions provided in the Clarification zone. The settled solids are swept to the centre well provided for collection of sludge with help of moving scraper blades. Many a times the natural settling is enhanced by addition of coagulant & polyelectrol... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor5 weeks ago
Operational principles and Design criteria of Clarifiers
CLARIFIERS FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT Clarifiers are settling tanks built with mechanical means for continuous removal of solids being deposited by sedimentation. Clarification is the oldest and most widely used operation in the effective treatment of wastewater. A clarifier is generally used to remove solid particulates or suspended solids from liquid for clarification and (or) thickening by gravitational settling. These are classified into primary and secondary. This also used grits and solids removal, removal of oil and grease. A primary wastewater treatment system includes two t... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor5 weeks ago
Operational principles and Design criteria of Flash mixers
What is wastewater treatment? The chemical and physical treatment of wastewater is a complex process, which consists in conveying it into public sewers or the environment without polluting. The chemical-physical treatment is part of the process and is divided into various mechanical, physical, and chemical stages: - flash mixing - coagulation - flocculation High-quality agitation solutions ensure high-quality output water. That’s why PRO-DO-MIX® has developed a complete range of agitators suitable for all water-treatment stages, including flash mixing, coagulation, and ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor5 weeks ago
Scrubber – Definition, Working, Types
A scrubber is a cleaning installation whose main purpose is to neutralize harmful components in industrial air or waste gas streams. The removal of gas particles causing many problems from the gas stream during the process is necessary before disposing of the gases in the open air. Traditionally, the term “scrubber” is being referred to pollution control devices which are using liquid to wash unwanted pollutants from a gas stream. Scrubber systems such as chemical scrubbers, gas scrubbers are a diverse group of air pollution control devices. In this article, we will study the scru... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor5 weeks ago
Water Sampling – Field Equipment and Techniques
Sampling equipment is equipment which is used to remove small amounts of something for analysis and monitoring. Samplers Dugouts and Ponds Samples from dugouts or ponds may be taken directly from the source or from a faucet or valve supplied by the water body. Although it is more convenient to sample from a faucet or valve this is not always desirable. Depending on the goal of the analysis it may be better to sample directly from the source even when a faucet is available. The following devices can be used to obtain water samples directly from the dugout or pond. Sampling Iron A... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor5 weeks ago
CME366 Equipment for Pollution Control - Syllabus( Regulation 2021)
*CME366 EQUIPMENT FOR POLLUTION CONTROL * COURSE *OBJECTIVES:* 1 To study the pollution control regulation and standards, water and wastewater. 2 To study the equipment for various water pollution. 3 To study the equipment for air pollution control. 4 To study the equipment for solid waste processing 5 To study the pollution monitoring equipment *UNIT* *–* *I* *POLLUTION* *CONTROL* *REGULATIONS* *AND* *STANDARDS* *9* Pollutants in water and wastewater – sources and impa... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor5 weeks ago
When should you put a fuel injector cleaner in your car?
Certainly! Adding a fuel injector cleaner to your car can be beneficial for maintaining fuel system health and improving performance. Here's when and why you should consider using a fuel injector cleaner: 1. Regular Maintenance: - It's a good practice to use a fuel injector cleaner as part of your regular vehicle maintenance routine. - Adding it every 3,000 to 5,000 miles (4,800 to 8,000 kilometers) can help prevent carbon buildup and keep your fuel system clean. 2. Symptoms of Fuel System Issues: - If you notice symptoms like rough idling, reduced fuel efficiency,... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor5 weeks ago
What are the symptoms of kidney issues?
Kidney issues can manifest in various ways, and the symptoms can vary depending on the specific condition affecting the kidneys. However, some common symptoms of kidney problems include: 1. Changes in urination: This can include changes in frequency, urgency, color, or odor of urine. Symptoms may include:Increased frequency of urination, especially at night (nocturia)Decreased urine outputBlood in the urine (hematuria)Foamy or bubbly urinePain or burning during urination 2. Swelling: Swelling (edema) can occur, particularly in the legs, ankles, feet, face, or han... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor5 weeks ago
Why does a Capacitor allow AC but not DC?
A capacitor is two plates next to each other with a gap in between. When you hook it up to a current, the plates will begin to accumulate charge until they are "full". This happens fairly quickly, but not instantaneously. If you're using DC current, the current will stop when the capacitor is fully charged. Current can't flow in between the gap of the plates. AC current switches polarity continuously. It does this faster than it takes the capacitor to fully charge. Before the capacitor is "full", the polarity is switched and the capacitor will change the polarity of the plates as... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor5 weeks ago
Which Toyota Engine Is The Most Reliable?
When it comes to reliability in the automotive world, Toyota has built a reputation that is second to none. As a brand known for producing vehicles that stand the test of time, choosing the most reliable Toyota engine becomes a journey through a lineage of engineering excellence. In this comprehensive exploration, we delve into the factors that contribute to Toyota's reliability legacy, the standout engines that have earned their place in the spotlight, and the considerations that guide drivers seeking the most trustworthy powerplants. Introduction: The Bedrock of Reliability Toy... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor5 weeks ago
What Happens If An Engine Runs Too Cold?
An engine runs too cold when it does not reach its optimal operating temperature, which is usually around 200°F (93°C) for most engines. The optimal operating temperature is important because it ensures that the engine components are properly lubricated, the fuel is burned efficiently, and the harmful emissions are reduced. There are several reasons why an engine may run too cold, such as:A faulty thermostat that is stuck open and allows the coolant to circulate constantly, preventing the engine from warming up. A faulty engine coolant temperature sensor sends incorrect signals to ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor5 weeks ago
What Foods Destroy Testosterone?
As a Doctor of Medicine, I can provide information on how certain dietary factors may potentially influence testosterone levels. It's important to note that while diet can play a role in hormone regulation, individual responses to specific foods can vary, and overall lifestyle factors also contribute significantly to hormonal balance. *1. Processed Foods and Sugars:* Processed foods, especially those high in refined sugars and carbohydrates, may contribute to insulin resistance. Insulin resistance has been associated with lower testosterone levels. High sugar intake can also lead t... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor5 weeks ago
Automatic Gear Shift Lever Symbols: What Do They Mean?
Have you ever driven a ride with an automatic transmission? If so, you may have noticed unfamiliar symbols on the dashboard next to the speedometer. Letters and numbers like "N," "L," and "P" can seem confusing, but don't worry – we're here to help! In this post, I will explain each symbol and how to use them efficiently while driving. So, pull up a seat, buckle your seatbelt, and let's get started! Making It Easy for Y'all When you're driving a car with an automatic transmission, you'll notice several letters and numbers on the gear shift. These symbols indicate different gears... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor5 weeks ago
Sensible heat vs Latent heat
The main differentiating point for the sensible heat vs latent heat is that the latent heat is responsible for the change in phase of the substance while the sensible heat is responsible for the change in temperature of the substance. Latent heat (Non sensible heat): The amount of heat required for the change in phase of the substance is known as Latent heat. The latent heat can be classified into three types: A) Latent heat of fusion/melting: [image: latent heat of melting and fusion] The amount of heat responsible for the change in phase of the substance from solid to liquid or f... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor5 weeks ago
Wien’s displacement law: Statement, Derivation, Formula
What is Wien’s displacement law? Wien’s displacement law states that the wavelength with the peak emissive power is inversely proportional to the temperature of the black body. This law gives the relation between the temperature of the radiating black body and peak wavelength (wavelength with peak emissive power, λm��). The wavelength at which the black body emits maximum monochromatic emissive power is decreases with an increase in the absolute temperature (T) of the black body. The German physicist Wilhelm Wien found a relationship between these two terms that says, λm∝1T��∝1... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor5 weeks ago
Habits That Will Destroy Your Car’s Engine
[image: Engine Destroying Habits Featured] Like all machines, cars also need care and maintenance to work efficiently. Among the various parts that come together to form a car, engine acts like the heart. It supplies power to the wheels and is also one of the most sophisticated bit of machine part in a car. Though it is built to tolerate a fair amount of abuse and run trouble-free for long, it has limits which restrict its function. There are many practices which are often not known by drivers and affect the engine in a negative way. Here are 5 most common things which you may b... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor5 weeks ago
ME3691 HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER - Syllabus(Regulation 2021)
COURSE OBJECTIVES 1. To Learn the principal mechanism of heat transfer under steady state and transient conditions. 2. To learn the fundamental concept and principles in convective heat transfer. 3. To learn the theory of phase change heat transfer and design of heat exchangers. 4. To study the fundamental concept and principles in radiation heat transfer. 5. To develop the basic concept and diffusion, convective di mass transfer. UNIT – I CONDUCTION General Differential equation – Cartesian, Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates – One Dimensional Steady State Heat Conduction... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor5 weeks ago
GE8152 - ENGINEERING GRAPHICS - pdf NOTES
*GE8152 - ENGINEERING GRAPHICS* *eg_unit_1_notes.pdf*Download File ------------------------------ *eg_unit_1_introduction.pdf*Download File ------------------------------ *eg_unit_1assignment_1.doc*Download File ------------------------------ *eg_unit_2_notes.pdf*Download File ------------------------------ *eg_unit_1_conic_sections.pdf*Download File ------------------------------ *eg_unit_2assignment_2.doc*Download File ------------------------------ *eg_unit_3_notes.pdf*Download File ------------------------------ *unit_2_orthographic_projection.pdf*Download File ---------------------... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor5 weeks ago
Run Flat Tires: How They Work
Though they first appeared in the mid-1980s, run flat tires (RFT) are now more popular than ever. With some auto manufacturers making them standard in new vehicles, more consumers are asking about run flats, their advantages, and how using them impacts driving. *WHAT ARE RUN FLAT TIRES?* Run flat tires are tires on which you can continue driving after a puncture so you can take time get to an auto shop or find a safe, level area to change your tire. You can’t drive on them indefinitely, though. Check the manufacturer’s specifications to find out how fast and how far you can drive... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Omega 1: The Piston-Less near Zero Emissions Engine
A fantastic turbo engine has been built by a small US startup business. Cars, ships, and airplanes might all benefit from the engine’s capabilities. Astron Aerospace’s Omega 1 is an entirely original idea for an internal combustion engine, and when I say original, I mean it. When I initially saw the photos, I couldn’t understand what was going on. It appeared to be a stack of turbines, but it wasn’t. My first reaction was to assume it was some type of rotary engine, but it isn’t anything like the rotaries we’ve seen so far. It’s a clever idea. Let’s find out why it is? What is ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
How Gas Pump Nozzles Know When to Stop?
Have you ever wondered how a petrol pump nozzle magically knows when to stop filling your car? Lets delve into the inner workings of this seemingly simple device to uncover the ingenious mechanisms behind its automatic shut-off feature. Forget complex electronics – the secret lies in two clever, entirely mechanical principles: the Venturi effect and a series of levers. Dissecting the Mystery: Instead of dissecting a real nozzle, which wouldn’t be very safe, the video uses custom-built models to illustrate each mechanism separately. This makes it easier to visualize the intricat... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Discover 1953 Ford Trucks: Engineered for Driver Comfort
The 1953 Ford truck campaign employed humor to underscore a significant selling point of that era. In 1953, Ford’s major truck lines—the Ford F-Series conventional, the C-Series cab forward, and the T-Series tandem axle—all featured a revamped and modernized cab. This redesigned cab, as emphasized in the campaign, was engineered with a primary focus on driver comfort, a concept humorously coined as being “driverized.” Historically, truck cabs were often an afterthought, with manufacturers prioritizing elements like reliability, powertrain options, and operational efficiency. Th... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Under the Hood: The Engineering Visuals of 1956 Continental Mark II
It is only fitting to commence this video feature with an image of William Clay Ford, the driving force behind the Continental Mark II. As the son of Edsel Ford, grandson of Henry Ford, and the father of the current Chairman of the Board, William Clay Ford Jr., Bill Ford played a pivotal role in leading the newly established Continental Division. This division had a singular mission: to create the Continental Mark II, distinctly branded as a Continental rather than a Lincoln. At the young age of 27, Bill Ford assembled a team of automotive talents at the Continental Division, i... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Lycurgus Cup – The Ancient Roman Nanotechnology Color Changing Cup
The “Lycurgus Cup” is one of the first to implement nanotechnology throughout history. Modern science has demonstrated exactly how advanced the processes behind the cup’s manufacture were, even if it is doubtful if the makers realized the explanation for the extraordinary optical qualities of the cup. This cup has a unique feature that makes it change its color with the change of the light direction or intensity. How did this cup perform such a stunning task? And was nanotechnology used in its manufacturing process? Did the ancient Romans discover this technology at that time, ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Discover Pythagorean Cup, The Oldest Engineering Trick In History
Playing tricks on people is nothing new. Throughout history, people have set each other up for funny pranks. One of those things that never goes out of style is the Pythagorean Cup. Pythagoras, the ancient Greek philosopher and mathematician, is responsible for one of history’s most memorable practical jokes. Pythagoras, the Greek mathematician, best known for his eponymous theorem, is also known for creating the Pythagorean Cup, a clever prank that has been fooling people for centuries. Who said mathematicians couldn’t have a sense of humor? Even now, many are fooled by the cl... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
This is Why Electric Cars will NOT be the Future!
It’s easy to get the sense that electric vehicles are clearly the way of the future just by walking in the town. As a result of Tesla’s rapid share price rise, Elon Musk momentarily became the richest man on Earth, and the firm declared its first profitable year since its inception in 2003. Charging stations and solar farms are also being installed by municipalities, which are also expanding their fleets of Evs. Ford and GM, as well as direct competitors to Tesla, like Lucid, are committing to phase out gasoline-powered vehicles and solely create electric vehicles from as early... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
From Our Bones to Bridges: Is Tensegrity the Future of Design?
Have you ever encountered a table held together solely by wires, seemingly defying gravity and common sense? That’s the magic of tensegrity, a captivating structural principle where compression and tension work in harmony to create surprisingly strong and adaptable forms. Dive into this fascinating world as we explore the mechanics of tensegrity with simple 2D models and then venture into real-world applications like bridges and even the human body! Building with the Dance of Forces: Imagine a structure where rigid rods are squeezed (in compression) and held in place by stretch... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
The stunning engineering behind Tensegrity explained !
In the building industry, Tensegrity Structures are an interesting development. Buckminster Fuller, the famed architect, was no exception to the rule that architects are constantly in search of the challenging and unique. His experiments with various architectural and structural concepts resulted in one of the smartest advancements in the building industry: Tensegrity, which he named the “fuller world.” In human bodies, the spine is the closest and most straightforward example of a tensegrity structure. When it comes to constructing structure systems, compression force is the m... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
This is How this Engine Uses Both Gasoline & Diesel!
Source: Engineering Explained / YouTube We’ve always talked about comparisons between diesel and gasoline engines. And why is this engine better at this point and how the other engine excels at another point. However, we haven’t heard before about an engine that tries to use both fuels to gain the most of them. We know that diesel is more efficient and provides more torque; however, gasoline is more powerful and provides more speed and horsepower. So why not combine the two?! This is the Super-Efficient RCCI Engine that uses both Gasoline and Diesel! How does this engine work? ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
5 Reasons Why Diesel Engines Make More Torque Than Gasoline
As much fun as horsepower might be, torque can be just as much fun. The more torque you have, the easier it will be to remove stumps from the ground. ‘ As a result, a diesel engine is most likely your preferred choice. A diesel engine’s torque is unmatched when compared to that of its gasoline cousin. What’s the reason behind this? #1 Compression ratioSource: pakwheels The compression ratio is the first factor to consider. During the combustion cycle of a gasoline engine, the piston goes up and down and comes to a halt just short of the top of the cylinder. In contrast, the pis... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
This is Why Diesel is Mostly used in Military Vehicles
Source: U.S. Army You must have noticed once that almost every military land vehicle, especially humvees (High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle), uses diesel as their primary fuel. Yes, I know the traditional answers would be: because diesel provides more torque, it is more efficient, it is cheaper, and so on… But there is still one important thing that makes diesel a better choice for military humvees. It is the underwater advantage! Military humvees would have extremely tough missions in places with rivers and lakes, and they need to pass through them. And here comes a b... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Will Driving on Low Fuel Damage Your Car?
Everyone who has ever driven for any duration of time has experienced the frustration of running out of gas. Either a family member or friend ran out of fuel at an unexpected moment, or you went through the painful experience yourself. Running out of gas is not only frustrating and perhaps embarrassing, but it may also be extremely harmful to your vehicle. No matter how many times you’ve heard it, never let your automobile run out of gas. There are several reasons behind this. Fuel Pump Damage The fuel pump’s duty is to transport gasoline from the fuel tank via a fuel filter t... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
8 Best Dually Trucks In 2023
A heavy-duty vehicle or pickup truck with two wheels on either side of the rear axle is called a dually truck or a dual rear wheel (DRW) truck. Due to their increased stability and tow capacity, dually trucks are frequently used to transport big loads and pull trailers. Dual trucks often have broader rear fenders to accommodate the added wheels, and their tires are typically thinner than single-wheel trucks. Additionally, by more uniformly distributing the load’s weight across the rear axle, this design enhances stability and lowers the chance of a blowout. Construction, agric... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Top 9-Passenger Vehicles For 2023
The market for nine-passenger vehicles shines brightly in areas where carrying prominent families or groups of passengers is essential. Navigating through the maze of options to unearth the latest and most suitable models is essential for anyone seeking to harmonize capacious interiors with their distinct lifestyle. These SUVs and Vans surpass the simple idea of transportation by fusing expansive interiors with cutting-edge features to provide a comfortable and valuable experience. These nine-passenger SUVs and Vans are a tribute to the skill of fusing usefulness with beauty, m... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
7 Best 9-Passenger Vehicles For 2024
*Source: motortrend* If you frequently have large groups to transport, a nine-seater car can be ideal. There are three rows of seats in these cars, and each bench can fit three people. Although the 9-seater vehicle market is very small, various manufacturers are currently competing in it with full-size vehicles that have the desirable 9-seat capacity. Let’s break it down: here are some of the best vehicles giving you that 9-seater goodness. Top Picks For 20247. 2024 GMC Savana Starting at $42,595 *Source: edmunds* Searching for a cutting-edge powertrain and stylish, modern van? ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
25 Parts Of A Ship Explained
*Parts of a ship* Do you have an interest in ships? If yes, have you ever wondered what ships are built of and what their primary components are? A ship is comprised of steel and composite materials. The parts of a ship can be divided either as visible or invisible structural parts. The most visible sections of a ship are the rudder, anchor, bow, keel, accommodation, propeller, mast, bridge, hatch covers, and bow thrusters, and there are numerous other parts that are also visible. On the other hand, the ship’s invisible structural components include bulkheads, frames, cargo hol... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
The Mystery of the Gluggle Jug
Have you ever encountered the playful Gluggle Jug, known for its comical gurgling as you pour water? Intrigued by its secret melody, I embarked on a journey to unveil the physics behind the fun. This article delves into my investigation, where we’ll explore bubbles, resonance, and even smash a jug (metaphorically, of course!). Seeking the Glug Source: Initially, I suspected a connection to the “bottle smash” phenomenon, where striking the top of a bottle can shatter the bottom due to water inertia and cavitation bubbles. While fascinating, I realized it wasn’t the answer for t... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Study on RDBMS and its Application
*EX NO: **Study on RDBMS and its Application * *DATE:* A *Relational Database Management System* (RDBMS) is a collection of programs and capabilities that enable IT teams and others to create, update, administer and otherwise interact with a relational database. RDBMSes store data in the form of tables, with most commercial relational database management systems using Structured Query Language (SQL) to access the database. However, since SQL was invented after the initial development of the relational model, it is not necessary for RDBMS use. The RDBMS is t... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Is drinking water right before sleeping good or bad?
The question of whether to drink water before bedtime has prompted discussions about its potential impact on health. Let's explore the advantages and drawbacks in detail to assist you in making an informed decision that aligns with your well-being. - The Benefits of Hydrating Before Bed: 1. Promotes Hydration: Consuming water before sleep serves as a strategic approach to maintaining optimal hydration levels throughout the night. Adequate hydration is vital for supporting essential bodily functions, including circulation, digestion, and the transportation of nutrients. 2. Temp... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Hard pills you must swallow to live happy life
1. Everyone can’t like you. 2. You can’t escape bad days, you can only strive to prevent and prepare. 3. Some of your beloved will hurt you at some point. 4. You will lose people who are dear to you. 5. Greatness doesn’t come easy. 6. The world won’t support you until you’re closer to greatness. 7. Most people will only love you conditionally. 8. You may not get to live long, make use of every moment. 9. You determine your happiness, I don’t, nobody does. read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Unit IV: Non-Metallic Materials - Review and Summary
In this unit, the non-metallic materials—polymers, ceramics, and composites have been discussed in detail. REVIEW AND SUMMARY ✔ In this unit, the non-metallic materials—polymers, ceramics, and composites have been discussed in detail. ✔ Polymers are large, high-molecular-weight molecules produced by joining smaller molecules called monomers. ✔ Polymerisation is the process of forming a polymer by linking together of monomers. ✔ Two polymerisation mechanisms used are: 1. Addition polymerisation, and 2. Condensation polymerisation. ✔ Addition polymerisation, also known as chain... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Unit III: Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals - Review and Summary
This unit surveys the most commonly used ferrous and non- ferrous metals and their principal alloys for engineering applications. *REVIEW AND SUMMARY* ✓ This unit surveys the most commonly used ferrous and non- ferrous metals and their principal alloys for engineering applications. ✓ Ferrous alloys (steels and cast irons) are those in which iron is novig the prime constituent. ✓ Steels can be classified as follows: 1. Plain carbon steels (i) Low-carbon steels - Those contain less than 0.25% carbon. (ii) Medium-carbon steels - Those containing between 0.25 and 0.60% carbon. (ii... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Unit V: Mechanical Properties And Testing - Review and Summary
A number of the important mechanical properties of materials, predominantly metals, have been discussed in this unit. REVIEW AND SUMMARY ✔ A number of the important mechanical properties of materials, predominantly metals, have been discussed in this unit. ✔ Mechanical properties are those characteristics of material that describe its behaviour under the action of external forces. ✔ Some of the important mechanical properties are elasticity, plasticity, ductility, malleability, brittleness, hardness, tough- ness, stiffness, resilience, creep, endurance, strength, impact streng... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Unit V: Mechanical Properties And Testing - Self Assessment Questions
Self-Assessment Questions: Mechanical Properties And Testing - Engineering Materials and Metallurgy SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS Short Answer Type Questions On Mechanical Properties of Materials 1. What is meant by mechanical properties of materials? 2. Why is the designer usually more concerned with the mechanical properties of materials than with their physical properties? 3. Distinguish between elasticity and plasticity. 4. Differentiate between ductility and malleability. 5. Define the terms brittleness and hardness. 6. What do you mean by toughness and stiffness? 7. Define... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Mechanical Properties and Testing
Familiarize the various mechanical properties of materials. Mechanical Properties and Testing Learning Objectives While reading and after studying this chapter, you will be able to: ● Familiarize the various mechanical properties of materials. ● Understand how plastic deformations in metals occur by slip and twinning. ● Calculate the resolved shear stress in a plane inclined at a known angle to the axis of direct stress. ● Have a basic knowledge on various modes of fracture such as ductile, brit- tle, creep, and fatigue failure modes. ● Distinguish between ductile and brittle fr... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Mechanical Properties of Engineering Materials
There are many thousands of different engineering materials available today. UNIT - 5 Mechanical Properties And Testing “One good test is worth a thousand expert opinions." -Anonymous "Theory is the captain; Practice, the soldiers." - Leonardo Da Vinci MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS 1. PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS ✔ There are many thousands of different engineering materials available today. But they can be placed into one or other of the following categories: 1. Metals, 2. Polymers, 3. Ceramics and inorganic glasses, and 4. Composites. ✔ All materials exhibit ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Deformation of Metals
When force is applied on a metal piece, then the size and/or shape will be altered. DEFORMATION OF METALS 1. Introduction ✔ When force is applied on a metal piece, then the size and/or shape will be altered. Any changes in the size and/or shape of - the metal is called as deformation of the metal. ✔ Deformation is caused either by the mechanical action of external forces or by various physical and physiochemical processes. For example, changes in volume of separate crystallites in phase transformations are as a result of temperature gradient. ✔ The deformation can be either pe... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Mechanism of Plastic Deformation
The two modes of plastic deformation are: 1. Slip, and 2. Twinning. MECHANISM OF PLASTIC DEFORMATION (Modes of Plastic Deformation) The two modes of plastic deformation are: 1. Slip, and 2. Twinning. 1. Deformation by Slip ✔ Slip may be defined as the sliding of blocks of the crystal over one another along definite crystallographic planes called slip planes. ✔ In other words, slip represents a displacement of one part of the crystal relative to another along particular crystallographic planes and in certain crystallographic directions. The particular crystallographic planes are ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Fracture and its Prevention
Fracture is the mechanical failure of the material which will produce the separation or fragmentation of a solid into two or more parts under the action of stresses. FRACTURE AND ITS PREVENTION 1. What is Meant by Fracture? ✔ Fracture is the mechanical failure of the material which will produce the separation or fragmentation of a solid into two or more parts under the action of stresses. ✔ The understanding of various phenomenons of fracture is necessary to minimise and prevent the fracture. 2. Cause of Fracture The fracture is caused due to the presence of submicroscopic de... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Brittle Fracture
A brittle fracture may be defined as a fracture which takes place by the rapid propagation of crack with a negligible deformation. BRITTLE FRACTURE 1. What is Meant by Brittle Fracture? ✔ Brittle fracture defined: A brittle fracture may be defined as a fracture which takes place by the rapid propagation of crack with a negligible deformation. ✔ It may be noted that in amorphous materials such as glass, the fracture is completely brittle whereas in crystalline materials, the fracture occurs after a small deformation. ✔ In crystalline materials, the fracture takes place normal to... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Ductile Fracture
Ductile fracture may be defined as the fracture which takes place by a slow propagation of crack with appreciable plastic deformation. DUCTILE FRACTURE 1. What is Meant by Ductile Fracture? ✔ Ductile fracture defined: Ductile fracture may be defined as the fracture which takes place by a slow propagation of crack with appreciable plastic deformation. ✔ When a ductile specimen is subjected to tensile stress, the stress-strain curve can be obtained as shown in Fig.5.7. ✔ In Fig.5.7, at point F the fracture takes place. 2. Mechanism of Ductile Fracture ✓ The various stages in t... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Fatigue Fracture
Fatigue fracture defined: The fatigue fracture is defined as the fracture which takes place under repeatedly applied fatigue stresses. FATIGUE FRACTURE 1. What is Meant by Fatigue Fracture? ✔ Fatigue fracture defined: The fatigue fracture is defined as the fracture which takes place under repeatedly applied fatigue stresses. ✔ In other words, the behaviour of the materials subjected to fluctuating or repeated loads is called fatigue. ✔ Three main features that distinguishes the fatigue fracture are: (i) Loss of strength; (ii) Loss of ductility; and (iii) Increased uncertainty ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Creep Fracture
Creep defined: The creep is defined as the property of a material by virtue of which it deforms continuously under a steady load. CREEP 1. What is Meant by Creep? ✔ Creep defined: The creep is defined as the property of a material by virtue of which it deforms continuously under a steady load. ✔ In other words, creep can be defined as the permanent deformation of a material under a steady load as a function of time, usually at higher temperatures. ✔ The property of creep is important in: (a) The soft metals used at about room temperature such as lead coverings on telephone cab... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Mechanical Tests of Metals
Testing is an essential part of any engineering activity. Testing is applied to materials, components, and assemblies. MECHANICAL TESTS OF METALS 1. Introduction ✔ Testing is an essential part of any engineering activity. Testing is applied to materials, components, and assemblies. ✔ It consists of measurement of fundamental properties or measurement of responses to particular influences such as load, temperature, and corrodants. ✔ Why learn about mechanical testing? ■ The engineer and designer need to know the hardness, strength, and other characteristics of the materials the... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Tensile Test
The tensile test is one of the most widely used of the mechanical tests. TENSILE TEST ✔ The tensile test is one of the most widely used of the mechanical tests. ✔ A tensile test of a material is performed on ductile materials to determine tensile properties such as: (i) Limit of proportionality, (ii) Yield point or yield strength, (iii) Maximum tensile strength, (iv) Breaking strength, (v) Percentage elongation, (vi) Percentage reduction in area, and (vii) Modulus of elasticity. ✔ The tensile test is usually carried out with the help of a 'Universal Testing Machine' (UTM). ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Compression Test
The compression test is conducted in a manner similar to the tensile test, except that the force is compressive. COMPRESSION TEST ✔ The compression test is conducted in a manner similar to the tensile test, except that the force is compressive. ✔ Since brittle materials are unsuitable for tension test, therefore they are tested for compression. ✔ Brittle materials such as cast iron, concrete, mortar, brick and ceramics are commonly tested in compression. ✔ The compression test is also conducted on a universal testing machine. 1. Testing Procedure For compression tests, specime... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Shear Tests
There are two main types of test which may be used for the determination of the properties of a material in shear. SHEAR TESTS ✔ There are two main types of test which may be used for the determination of the properties of a material in shear. They are : 1. Test performed using a pure shear force↑, and 2. Test performed using the application of a torque to a cylindrical specimen i.e., torsion test. † Shear force simply means a tangential force. 1. Shear Test Using a Pure Shear Force ✔ Fig.5.17 illustrates the shear test, performed using a pure shear force. In this type, the f... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Hardness Tests
Hardness defined: Hardness may be defined as the ability of a material to resist scratching, abrasion, cutting or penetration. HARDNESS TESTS ✔ Hardness defined: Hardness may be defined as the ability of a material to resist scratching, abrasion, cutting or penetration. ✔ The hardness test is performed on a material to know its resistance against indentation and abrasion. 1. Types of Hardness Tests The three most commonly used hardness tests are : 1. Brinell hardness test, 2. Vickers hardness test, and 3. Rockwell hardness test. 2. Basic Common Principle The three hardness ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Brinell Hardness Test
One of the earlier standardised methods of measuring hardness was the Brinell test. BRINELL HARDNESS TEST ✔ One of the earlier standardised methods of measuring hardness was the Brinell test. ✔ In the Brinell test, a hardened steel ball indenter is forced into the surface of the metal to be tested. The diameter of the hardened steel (or tungsten carbide) indenter is 10 mm. Standard loads range between 500 kg and 3000 kg in 500 kg increments. During a test, the load is maintained constant for 10 to 15 seconds. 1. Testing Arrangement and Procedure ✔ A Brinell hardness testing ma... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Rockwell Hardness Test
The Rockwell hardness test is probably the most widely used methods of hardness testing. ROCKWELL HARDNESS TEST ✔ The Rockwell hardness test is probably the most widely used methods of hardness testing. ✔ The principle of the Rockwell test differs from that of the others in that the depth of the impression is related to the hardness rather than the diameter or diagonal of the impression, as shown in Fig.5.22. ✔ Rockwell test are widely used in industries due to its accuracy, simplicity and rapidity. In this test, the dial gives a direct reading of hardness; no need for measurin... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Impact Tests
The impact test is performed to study the behaviour of materials under dynamic load i.e., suddenly applied load. IMPACT TESTS ✔ The impact test is performed to study the behaviour of materials under dynamic load i.e., suddenly applied load. ✔ Impact strength defined: The capacity of a metal to withstand blows without fracture, is known as impact strength or impact resistance. ✔ The impact test indicates the toughness of the material i.e., the amount of energy absorbed by the material during plastic deformation. ✔ The impact test also indicates the notch sensitivity of a material.... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Fatigue Tests
Fatigue tests determine the resistance of material to repeated pulsating or fluctuating loads. FATIGUE TESTS ✔ Fatigue tests determine the resistance of material to repeated pulsating or fluctuating loads. ✔ Fatigue defined: The capacity of material to withstand repeatedly applied stresses is known as fatigue. ✔The resistance of a material to fatigue failure is characterised by its fatigue or endurance limit. ✔ The endurance limit or endurance strength is defined as the maximum stress which a specimen can endure without failure when this stress is repeated for a specified numb... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Creep Tests
Creep defined: The continuous deformation of a metal under a steady load is known as creep. CREEP TESTS ✓ Creep defined: The continuous deformation of a metal under a steady load is known as creep. ✓ The purpose of creep tests is to determine the creep limit. The creep limit or the limiting creep stress is defined as the stress that will not break the specimen when applied for an infinite period at a specific constant temperature. ✓ The creep tests require the measurement of four variables- stress, strain, temperature, and time. ✓ The creep tests are simply tension tests run a... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Unit III: Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals - Self Assessment Questions
Self-Assessment Questions - short answer type questions: Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals - Engineering Materials and Metallurgy *SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS* SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS On Ferrous Materials 1. What are metals? Classify engineering materials. 2. What are ferrous metals? Classify ferrous materials. 3. State three reasons why ferrous alloys are used extensively. 4. State three characteristics of ferrous alloys that limit their utilisation. On Steels 5. How can you specify a steel? What is the difference between 4140 steel and 4340 steel? 6. What are the three prim... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Unit IV: Non-Metallic Materials - Self-Assessment Questions
Self-Assessment Questions: Non-Metallic Materials - Engineering Materials and Metallurgy SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTONS SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS On Polymers 1. What are polymers? 2. List any four attractive characteristics of polymers. 3. Classify polymers. 4. Define the following terms: (i) Monomer, (ii) Homopolymer, (iii) Copolymer, and (iv) Linear polymer. 5. What is meant by isomerism? 6. What is meant by the term 'unsaturated molecule'? State its significance in plastics. 7. What is polymerisation? 8. Define the term 'degree of polymerisation'. 9. What is the diffe... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Non-Metallic Materials
UNIT - 4 Non-Metallic Materials Learning Objectives While reading and after studying this chapter, you will be able to: ● Appreciate and relate the properties and engineering applications of non-metallic materials with the metallic materials. ● Understand the differences between thermoplastic and thermosetting materials and how they are formed. ● Gain some knowledge of the properties and applications of some important thermoplastic and thermosetting plastic ma- terials. ● Understand how to select an appropriate plastic for an application. ● Have the basic knowledge about the cer... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Introduction of Non-Metallic Materials
In the previous unit, we have discussed about the ferrous and n ferrous materials that are widely used in engineering applications. *UNIT - 4* *Non-Metallic Material* “The important thing in science is not so much tổ obtain new fi as to discover new ways of thinking about the. - Sir William Lawrence Br NON-METALLIC MATERIALS 1. Introduction In the previous unit, we have discussed about the ferrous and n ferrous materials that are widely used in engineering applications. addition to these engineering materials, there are a number of n metallic materials which have substantial i... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Polymers
Almost all biological systems are built of polymers which not only perform mechanical functions (like wood, bone, cartilage, leather) but also contain and regulate chemical reactions (leaf, veins, cells). POLYMERS 1. Introduction Almost all biological systems are built of polymers which not only perform mechanical functions (like wood, bone, cartilage, leather) but also contain and regulate chemical reactions (leaf, veins, cells). People have used these natural polymers for thousands of years now. Modern scientific researches have made possible the development of numerous polymer... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Polymerisation
We have already discussed that the polymerisation is the process of forming a polymer by linking together of monomers. POLYMERISATION ✔ We have already discussed that the polymerisation is the process of forming a polymer by linking together of monomers. ✔ The polymerisation mechanism can be divided into two categories as : 1. Addition polymerisation, and 2. Condensation polymerisation. 1. Addition Polymerisation ✓ Addition polymerisation, also known as chain reaction polymerisation, is a process by which two or more chemically similar monomers are polymerised to form long cha... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Plastics
A plastic may be defined as an organic polymer, which can be moulded into any desired shape and size with the help of heat, pressure, or both. PLASTICS 1. What are Plastics? fatty acid amides, fluoro- dispersions, glycerides, petrolatum, etc. ✔ A plastic may be defined as an organic polymer, which can be moulded into any desired shape and size with the help of heat, pressure, or both. ✔ Nowadays plastics are extensively used in engineering appli- cations due to their important properties such as low price, colour range, toughness, water resistance, low electrical and thermal cond... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Commodity and Engineering Plastics
Sometimes, commodity plastics have their properties good enough for engineering applications. COMMODITY AND ENGINEERING PLASTICS As shown in Fig.4.1, both the thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics, in turn, can be classified, from the usage point of view, into two groups. They are : 1. Commodity plastics, and 2. Engineering plastics. 1. Commodity Plastics ✔ The widely used plastics are called as commodity plastics. ✔ Commodity plastics generally have lower cost. ✔ Most commodity plastics are used for throwaway items such as hot/cool drink cups, plastic bags, boxes, etc. ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Properties and Applications of some Thermoplastics
Some of the important thermoplastics, their trade names, properties, and typical applications are given in Table 4.4. PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS OF SOME THERMOPLASTICS Some of the important thermoplastics, their trade names, properties, and typical applications are given in Table 4.4. Following are some comments about several thermoplastics listed in Table 4.4. 1. Hydrocarbon Plastics The major hydrocarbon thermoplastic polymers are polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene. 1. Polyethylene (PE) ✓ Polyethylene, also known commonly as polythene, is made by the polymerisatio... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Properties and Applications of some Thermosetting plastics
Some of the important thermosetting plastics, their trade names, properties, and typical applications are given Table 4.5. PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS OF SOME THERMOSETTING PLASTICS Some of the important thermosetting plastics, their trade names, properties, and typical applications are given Table 4.5. Following are some comments about several thermosetting plastics listed in Table 4.5. 1. Phenolics Phenolics, also known as Bakelites, are the oldest family of thermosetting plastics. The most important phenolic materials is the polyformaldehydes. 1. Polyformaldehyde (PF) ✔ Phen... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Ceramics
The word 'ceramic' derives from the Greek 'keramos', which means "burnt stuff" or pottery. In earlier times, ceramic embraces only. ENGINEERING CERAMICS CERAMICS 1. Introduction The word 'ceramic' derives from the Greek 'keramos', which means "burnt stuff" or pottery. In earlier times, ceramic embraces only. earthenware, pottery and porcelain materials. House bricks, earthen ware pots and porcelain cups are everyday examples of the use of these traditional ceramic materials. However, today the word ceramic is applied to a much wider range of materials than those used to make th... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Engineering Ceramics
Engineering ceramics, are also known as technical/industrial ceramics or advanced ceramics, are those ceramics that are specially used for engineering applications or in industries. ENGINEERING CERAMICS 1. What are Engineering Ceramics ? ✓ Engineering ceramics, are also known as technical/industrial ceramics or advanced ceramics, are those ceramics that are specially used for engineering applications or in industries. ✔ Engineering ceramics are mainly oxides, carbides, sulphides, and nitrides of metals. 2. Characteristics of Engineering Ceramics Any ceramic can be said to be a... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
composites
There are many situations in engineering where no single material will be suitable to meet a particular design requirement. COMPOSITES 1. Introduction There are many situations in engineering where no single material will be suitable to meet a particular design requirement. For example, aerospace applications need materials that should have low densities, high strength and stiffness, good abrasive, impact and corrosion resistance. Such a combination of characteristics are not met by con- ventional metals, alloys, ceramics and polymeric materials. Fre- quently, strong materials ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Particle-reinforced composites
Consider a metal matrix with a fine distribution of secondary particles. PARTICLE-REINFORCED COMPOSITES ✓ Particle-reinforced composites, also known as particle com- posites or particulate composites, consist of particles of one material dispersed in a matrix of a second material. ✓ Consider a metal matrix with a fine distribution of secondary particles. Our object is to strengthen this matrix-mixture so that to obtain a composite material with superior characteristics. Since deformation in the matrix is accompanied by slip and dislocation movement, the degree of strengthening ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Fibre-reinforced composites
Fibre-reinforced composites are those in which the dispersed phase is in the form of a fiber. FIBRE-REINFORCED COMPOSITES ✔ Fibre-reinforced composites are those in which the dispersed phase is in the form of a fiber. ✔ In a fibre-reinforced composites, high-strength fibres are en- cased within a tough matrix. ✔ The functions of the matrix are : (i) to bond the fibres together, (ii) to protect them from damage, and (iii) to transmit the load from one fibre to another. ✔ The greatest reinforcing effect is obtained when fibres are continuous and parallel to one another, and ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Review and Summary - Unit III: Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals
This unit surveys the most commonly used ferrous and non- ferrous metals and their principal alloys for engineering applications. *REVIEW AND SUMMARY* ✓ This unit surveys the most commonly used ferrous and non- ferrous metals and their principal alloys for engineering applications. ✓ Ferrous alloys (steels and cast irons) are those in which iron is novig the prime constituent. ✓ Steels can be classified as follows: 1. Plain carbon steels (i) Low-carbon steels - Those contain less than 0.25% carbon. (ii) Medium-carbon steels - Those containing between 0.25 and 0.60% carbon. (ii... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals Learning Objectives While reading and after studying this chapter, you will be able to: ● Understand the principal effects on properties of the major alloying ele- ments used in steels. ● Analyse the basic structures and proper- ties of grey, white, malleable, and spher- oidal cast irons. ● Appreciate the structure, characteristics, and typical applications of alloy cast irons. ● Gain knowledge on the properties and applications of some important non-fer- rous metals such as copper and alumini- um, and their alloys. ● Study the heat-treating steps... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Engineering Materials
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals "Both the engineer and scientist are thoroughly educated in the mathematical and natural sciences, but the scientist primarily uses this knowledge to acquire new knowledge, whereas the engineer applies the knowledge to design and develop usable devices, structures and processes. In other words, the scientist seeks to know, the engineer aims to do." -A.R. Eide ENGINEERING MATERIALS 1. Introduction Materials are made up of matter. Materials are anything that have weight and occupy some space. An every increasing variety of materials is available, e... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Ferrous Materials
As we have discussed, the ferrous materials are those materials which contain-iron as their prime constituent. FERROUS MATERIALS 1. Introduction ✓ As we have discussed, the ferrous materials are those materials which contain-iron as their prime constituent. ✓ More than 90% by weight of the metallic materials used by human bein 's are ferrous materials. ✓ The ferrous metals are extensively used in engineering due to the following three factors: 1. Iron-based components are relatively abundant and are widely distributed throughout the world. 2. Ferrous materials can be produced... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Medium-Carbon Steels
Medium-carbon steels are those steels that have between 0.25 and 0.60% carbon. MEDIUM-CARBON STEELS 1. What are Medium-Carbon Steels? ✓ Medium-carbon steels are those steels that have between 0.25 and 0.60% carbon. ✓ The medium-carbon steels may be heat treated by austenitizing, quenching, and then tempering to improve their mechanical properties. 2. Characteristics of Medium-Carbon Steels The main properties of medium-carbon steels are as follows: 1. The plain medium-carbon steels have low hardenabilities. 2. In plain medium-carbon steels, the high strength and hardness propert... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
High-Carbon Steels
High-carbon steels are those steels that have more than 0.60% carbon. HIGH-CARBON STEELS 1. What are High-Carbon Steels? ✔ High-carbon steels are those steels that have more than 0.60% carbon. 2. Characteristics of High-Carbon Steels The important properties of high-carbon steels are given below: 1. High-carbon steels are the hardest, and strongest of the carbon steels. 2. They are the least ductile (i.e., more brittle) of the carbon steels. 3. They have more wear resistant. 4. They are capable of holding a sharp cutting edge (which is very important property for making tools).... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Low Alloy Steels
Low alloy steels are steels which contain upto 3 to 4% of one or more alloying elements. LOW ALLOY STEELS 1. What are Low Alloy Steels? ✓ Low alloy steels are steels which contain upto 3 to 4% of one or more alloying elements. ✓ They have similar microstructure and require similar heat treatments to that of the plain carbon steels. ondas of ✓ They are also referred as pearlitic alloy steels as the normalised structure contains the eutectoid pearlite. ✓ The presence of alloying elements provide enhanced properties such as increased strength without loss of toughness and increa... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
High Alloy Steels
High alloy steels are steels which contain more than 5% of one or more alloying elements. HIGH ALLOY STEELS 1. What are High Alloy Steels? ✔ High alloy steels are steels which contain more than 5% of one or more alloying elements. ✔They have different microstructure and require different heat treatments than that of the plain carbon steels. ✔ Their room temperature structures after normalising may be austenitic, martensitic or contain precipitated carbides. 2. Types of High-Alloy Steels Though there are several groups of high-alloy steels, the two important high-alloy steels a... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Effect of alloying Elements in Steels
In general, alloying elements are added to steel in small percentages-usually less than 5 percent-to improve strength or hardenability. EFFECT OF ALLOYING ELEMENTS IN STEELS ✓ In general, alloying elements are added to steel in small percentages-usually less than 5 percent-to improve strength or hardenability. Otherwise, alloying elements are added to steel in much larger amounts-usually upto 20 percent - to produce special properties such as corrosion resistance or stability at high or low temperatures. ✓ The properties of all steels (or all alloys) are determined by the kinds ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Stainless steels
Stainless steels are alloys of iron, chromium, and other elements that resist corrosion from many environments. STAINLESS STEELS 1. What are Stainless Steels? ✓ Stainless steels are alloys of iron, chromium, and other elements that resist corrosion from many environments. ✓ Stainless steels are also known as corrosion-resistant steels or chromium-bearing steels. 2. Effect of Cr on Stainless Steel ✓ All true stainless steel contain minimum of about 12% Cr. This 12% Cr permits a thin (but extremely dense) protective surface layer of chromium oxide to form when the steel is expose... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Tool Steels
Tools steels are metals used to make tools and dies for cutting, forming, or otherwise shaping a material into a component or part for a specific application. TOOL STEELS 1. What are Tool Steels? ✓ Tools steels are metals used to make tools and dies for cutting, forming, or otherwise shaping a material into a component or part for a specific application. ✓ In other words, tool steels are metals designed to provide wear resistance and toughness combined with high strength. ✓ They are basically high-carbon alloys, where the chemistry of provides the balance of toughness and wea... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
HSLA Steels
HSLA steels are nothing but high-strength low-alloy steels. HSLA STEELS 1. What are HSLA Steels? ✓ HSLA steels are nothing but high-strength low-alloy steels. ✓ HSLA steels, also known as micro-alloyed steels, are low- carbon steels containing small amounts of alloying elements. ✓ The primary purpose of HSLA steels is weight reduction through increased strength. ✓ These HSLA steels are widely used as structural or constructional alloy steels. ✓ For structural applications, high yield strength, good weldability, and corrosion resistance are most desired, with only limited duct... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Maraging Steels
Maraging steels are low-carbon, highly alloyed steels. MARAGING STEELS 1. What are Maraging Steels? ✓ Maraging steels are low-carbon, highly alloyed steels. ✓ These are very high-strength materials that can be hardened to obtain tensile strengths of upto 1900 MPa. ✓ Composition: Maraging steels contain 18% nickel, 7% cobalt, TS and small amounts of other elements such as titanium. The carbon content is low, generally less than 0.05. ✓ These compositions develop martensite upon cooling (usually by air quenching) from the austenitizing temperature. The martensite formed in these... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Cast Irons
As stated earlier, cast irons can be defined as the ferrous alloys en with greater than 2% carbon. CAST IRONS 1. Introduction ✓ As stated earlier, cast irons can be defined as the ferrous alloys en with greater than 2% carbon. They also contain small amounts of silicon, sulphur, manganese, and phosphorus. ✓ In principle, cast irons are eutectic alloys of iron and carbon. ✓ Cast irons are the least expensive of all metals. This is because iron is the second most plentiful metallic resource next to aluminium. ✓ As the name implies, molten cast iron can be cast into any complex sha... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Grey Cast Iron
Grey cast iron is the least expensive and the most common type of cast iron. GREY CAST IRON 1. What is Grey Cast Iron? ✓ Grey cast iron is the least expensive and the most common type of cast iron. ✓ It is an alloy of carbon and silicon with iron. ✓ Composition: Typical composition of grey cast iron is given below: Carbon - 2.5 to 4% Silicon - 1 to 3% Manganese - 0.4 to 1% Phosphorus - 0.15 to 1% Sulphur - 0.02 to 0.15% Remaining is iron 2. Microstructure of Grey Cast Iron ✓ The microstructure of grey cast irons consist of graphite flakes, which resemble a number of potat... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
White Cast Iron
White cast iron derives its name from the fact that its fracture surface has a white or silvery appearance. WHITE CAST IRON 1. What is Meant by White Cast Iron? ✓ White cast iron derives its name from the fact that its fracture surface has a white or silvery appearance. ✓ White iron has all the carbon in the combined form as cementite (i.e., iron carbide) in a pearlitic matrix. When the rate of cooling is fast, nearly all the carbon in a cast iron exists as cementite. ✓ Composition: The typical composition of a white cast iron is given below: Carbon - 1.8 to 3% Silicon - 0.5 t... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Malleable Cast Iron
Malleable iron is a cast iron that has been heat treated so that it has significant ductility and malleability.↑ MALLEABLE CAST IRON 1. What is Malleable Cast Iron? ✓ Malleable iron is a cast iron that has been heat treated so that it has significant ductility and malleability.↑ ✓ Composition: The composition of a typical malleable cast iron is given below: Carbon - 2.0 to 3.0% Silicon - 0.6 to 1.3% Manganese - 0.2 to 0.6% Phosphorus - 0.15% Silicon - 0.10% Remaining is iron 2. Microstructure of Malleable Cast Iron ✓ Malleable iron is produced by heat treating unalloyed (2.... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Spheroidal Graphite or Nodular Cast Iron (or Ductile Cast Iron)
Spheroidal graphite (SG) cast iron is also known as 'nodular iron' or as 'ductile iron'. SPHEROIDAL GRAPHITE OR NODULAR CAST IRON (OR DUCTILE CAST IRON) 1. What is Meant by Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron? ✓ Spheroidal graphite (SG) cast iron is also known as 'nodular iron' or as 'ductile iron'. ✓ Composition: The composition of a typical SG cast iron is given below: Carbon - 3.2 to 4% Silicon. - 1.8 to 3% Manganese - 0.2 to 0.5% Phosphorus - 0.08% max Sulphur - 0.01% max Remaining is iron. ✓ The SG iron is the cast iron with nodular or spheroidal graphite. The nodules, also ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Alloy Cast Iron
The cast irons discussed so far are called plain cast irons, in the sense that the above cast irons contain only small amounts of impurities. ALLOY CAST IRON 1. What are Alloy Cast Irons? ✓ The cast irons discussed so far are called plain cast irons, in the sense that the above cast irons contain only small amounts of impurities. ✓ The alloy cast irons, like alloy steels can be produced by adding alloying elements like Ni, Cr, Mo, Cu, Si, and Mn. ✓ In general, the effects of alloying elements on the properties of cast iron are similar to the effects of same elements on the prope... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Non-Ferrous Materials
All the metallic elements other than iron are referred to as non- ferrous materials. NON-FERROUS MATERIALS 1. Introduction ✓ All the metallic elements other than iron are referred to as non- ferrous materials. ✓ In other words, non-ferrous materials are those metals which contain elements other than iron as their chief constituent. ✓ Even though non-ferrous materials are not produced in as great tonnages and are more costly than ferrous materials (steel and cast iron), the non-ferrous materials are widely employed in current engineering industries due to the following character... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Copper
Copper↑ is one of the oldest and the most widely used non-ferrous metals in industry. COPPER Copper↑ is one of the oldest and the most widely used non-ferrous metals in industry. 1. Properties of Copper The copper possesses the following properties : 1. Copper possesses very high electrical conductivity. In fact, in this respect it is second only to silver. 2. It also has very high thermal conductivity. 3. It exhibits excellent resistance to corrosion. 4. It is very soft, ductile and malleable. 5. It becomes brittle just below its melting point. 6. It can be worked in hot or ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Copper Alloys
Copper may be alloyed with a number of elements to provide a range of useful alloys. COPPER ALLOYS ✓ Copper may be alloyed with a number of elements to provide a range of useful alloys. ✓ The copper alloys possess a number of unique superior characteristics: High thermal and electrical conductivity, high corrosion resistance, high ductility and formability, and interesting colour for architectural uses. ✓ The important copper alloys are: 1. Brasses (copper-zinc alloys), 2. Bronzes (copper-tin alloys), 3. Gun-metals (copper-tin-zinc alloys), and 4. Cupro nickels (copper-nickel... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Aluminium
Aluminium is one of the most abundant elements in the earth's crust and also the most important of the non-ferrous metals. ALUMINIUM Aluminium is one of the most abundant elements in the earth's crust and also the most important of the non-ferrous metals. 1. Characteristics of Aluminium Pure aluminium is known for its outstanding characteristics. Some of its main characteristics are: (i) Light-weight (one-third the weight of steel), (ii) High thermal and electrical conductivity, (iii) Excellent corrosion resistance, (iv) Non-toxicity, (v) Soft and ductile, (vi) Low specific g... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Aluminium Alloys
At room temperature, the mechanical properties of aluminium alloys are: ALUMINIUM ALLOYS ✓ At room temperature, the mechanical properties of aluminium alloys are: (i) interior to those of steel; (ii) almost equal to those of copper alloys; and (iii) superior to those of magnesium alloys. ✓ The aluminium may be alloyed with one or more alloying Isot elements such as Cu, Mg, Mn, Si, and Ni. ✓ The addition of small amounts of alloying elements convert the soft and weak aluminium metal into hard and strong one, while retaining its light weight property. 1. Types of Aluminium Alloys... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Precipitation Strengthening Treatment (Age Hardening)
Precipitation hardening, also known as age hardening, is the most important method of improving the physical properties of some of the non-ferrous alloys by solid state reaction. PRECIPITATION STRENGTHENING TREATMENT (AGE HARDENING) 1. What is Precipitation Hardening? ✓ Precipitation hardening, also known as age hardening, is the most important method of improving the physical properties of some of the non-ferrous alloys by solid state reaction. ✓ It is mostly applicable to the alloys of aluminium, magnesium and nickel. It is occasionally used for the alloys of copper and iron. ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Bearing Materials
The materials which are used for making bearings are known as bearing materials. BEARING MATERIALS 1. What are Bearing Materials ? ✓ The materials which are used for making bearings are known as bearing materials. 2. Characteristics of a Bearing Material A bearing material should have the following properties: 1. It should possess sufficient hardness and wear resistance. 2. It should have a low coefficient of friction. 3. It should be tough, shock-resistant, and sufficiently ductile. 4. It should have a sufficient melting point. 5. It should have high thermal conductivity. 6... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Unit V: Mechanical Properties And Testing - 2 Marks Question & Answers
1. What is meant by mechanical properties of materials? Mechanical properties are those characteristics of material that describe its behaviour under the action of external forces. 2. Distinguish between elasticity and plasticity. ✔ Elasticity is the property of a material by virtue of which it is able to retain its original shape and size after the removal of the load. ✔ Plasticity is the property of a material by virtue of which a permanent deformation (without fracture) takes place, whenever it is subjected to the action of external forces. 3. Differentiate between ductility ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Unit IV: Non-Metallic Materials - 2 Marks Question & Answers
1. What are polymers? ✓ Polymers are composed of a large number of repeating units of small molecules called monomers. ✓ Polymers may be defined as giant organic, chain-like molecules having molecular weight from 10000 to more than 1,000,000 g.mol-1. 2. List any four attractive characteristics of polymers. 1. Low density. 2. Good thermal and electrical insulation properties. 3. High resistance to chemical attack. 4. Ease of fabrication. 5. Relatively low cost. 3. Classify polymers. 1. Plastics 2. Elastomers 3. Adhesives 4. Coatings 5. Fibres 4. Define the following term... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Unit III: Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals - 2 Marks Question & Answers
1. What are metals? Classify engineering materials. ✔ Metals are elemental substances. Metals are composed of elements which readily give up electrons to provide a metallic bond and electrical conductivity. ✔ Types of metals: 1. Ferrous metals, and 2. Non-ferrous metals. 2. What are ferrous metals? Classify ferrous materials. ✔ The metals, which contain iron as their main constituent, are called ferrous metals. ✔ Types of ferrous metals: 1. Steels, and 2. Cast irons. 3. State three reasons why ferrous alloys are used extensively. 1. Iron-based components are relatively abundan... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Heat Treatment
Understand the metallurgical reactions that occur in heat treatment. Heat Treatment Learning Objectives While reading and after studying this chapter, you will be able to: ● Understand the metallurgical reactions that occur in heat treatment. ● Study and have a knowledge of the vari- ous heat treatments-annealing, normalising, hardening, tempering-which may be given to steels. ● Understand how these range of heat treatments affect the structure and properties of the material. ● Understand T-T-T and C-C-T diagrams and show how non-equilibrium phases can be formed in steel struct... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Heat Treatment Processes
The properties of metals and alloys can be changed as desired by the heat treatment process. UNIT - 2 Heat Treatment "I never did anything worth doing by accident nor did any of my inventions come by accident. They come by work." - Thomas Edison HEAT TREATMENT PROCESSES INTRODUCTION ✓ The properties of metals and alloys can be changed as desired by the heat treatment process. ✓ Heat treatment is the controlled heating and cooling of metals voll for the purpose of altering their properties. ✓ Since the heat treatment can greatly alter the mechanical and physical properties of... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Annealing
The term annealing refers to a heat treatment in which a material is exposed to an elevated temperature for an extended time period and then slowly cooled. ANNEALING 1. What is Meant by Annealing? ✓ The term annealing refers to a heat treatment in which a material is exposed to an elevated temperature for an extended time period and then slowly cooled. ✓ According to American Society of Testing Material (ASTM), annealing is defined as a softening process consisting of heating the steel to a temperature at or near the critical point, holding there for a proper time and then all... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Normalising
Normalising is similar to full annealing, but cooling established in still air rather than in the furnace. NORMALISING 1. What is Meant by Normalising? ✓ Normalising is similar to full annealing, but cooling established in still air rather than in the furnace. ✓ Full annealing is an expensive and time consuming process When a reasonably soft and ductile material is required and co savings are desired, then the normalising process is used instead of full annealing. 2. Objects of Normalising Some of the purposes of normalising are: 1. To refine the grain structure. 2. To increas... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Quenching
Quenching refers accelerated cooling. QUENCHING 1. What is Quenching? ✓ Quenching refers accelerated cooling. ✓ The cooling can be accomplished by contact with a quenching medium which may be a gas, liquid, or solid. ✓ Most of the times, liquid quenching media is widely used to achieve rapid cooling. 2. Types of Quenching Medium Some of the quenching medium that are used generally in industries, in order of decreasing quenching severity↑, are given below: 1. 5-10% caustic soda 2. 5-20% brine (NaCl) 3. Cold water 4. Warm water 5. Mineral oil (obtained during the refining of... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Hardening (by quenching)
Hardening refers to the heat treatment of steel which increases its hardness by quenching. HARDENING (BY QUENCHING) 1. What does Hardening refer? ✓ Hardening refers to the heat treatment of steel which increases its hardness by quenching. ✓ Hardening normally implies heat-treating operations which produce microstructures which are entirely or predominantly martensitic. 2. Objects of Hardening To The main purposes of hardening are: 1. To harden the steel to resist wear. 2. To enable it to cut other metals. 3. Operation The process of hardening involves the following stages: ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Tempering
The martensite which is formed during hardening process is too brittle and lacks good ductility and toughness. TEMPERING 1. What is Tempering? ✓ The martensite which is formed during hardening process is too brittle and lacks good ductility and toughness. Hence, it cannot be used for most applications. Also the internal residual stresses that are introduced during hardening have a weakening effect. The ductility and toughness of martensite can be enhanced and these internal stresses are relieved by a heat treatment process known as tempering. ✓ The tempering process usually fol... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
TTT and CCT Diagrams
It should be understood that the iron-iron carbide equilibrium Lorian diagram (refer Section 1.11) shows the phases and the resulting microstructures corresponding to equilibrium conditions only. TTT AND CCT DIAGRAMS ISOTHERMAL TRANSFORMATION DIAGRAMS (TTT DIAGRAMS) 1. Introduction ✓ It should be understood that the iron-iron carbide equilibrium Lorian diagram (refer Section 1.11) shows the phases and the resulting microstructures corresponding to equilibrium conditions only. Basically ferrite, cementite, pearlite and austenite are equilibrium phases. That why the selection of t... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Continuous-Cooling Transformation (or CCT) Diagrams
The data for the construction of TTT diagrams are obtained from the isothermal transformation of austenite at differing temperatures. CONTINUOUS-COOLING TRANSFORMATION (OR CCT) DIAGRAMS 1. Introduction The data for the construction of TTT diagrams are obtained from the isothermal transformation of austenite at differing temperatures. But most industrial heat treatments involve continuous cooling from the austenitic temperature to room temperature. Thus a TTT diagram may not give a fully accurate representation of the temperatures and times of the transformations occurring. The co... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Hardenability
The term hardenability refers to the ease with which hardness may be attained. HARDENABILITY 1. What is meant by Hardenability? ✓ The term hardenability refers to the ease with which hardness may be attained. That is, the ease with which a steel will transform to hardened structure on quenching is called hardenability. ✓ The hardenability of a steel is defined as that property which determines the depth and distribution of hardness induced by quenching from the austenitic condition. ✓ In other words, hardenability is a measure of ease of forming martensite. ✓ For instance, one ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Interrupted quenching
The quenching i.e., rapid cooling mechanism discussed in Section 2.4 has it own disadvantages. HEAT TREATMENT PROCESSES Contd... INTERRUPTED QUENCHING ✔ The quenching i.e., rapid cooling mechanism discussed in Section 2.4 has it own disadvantages. Some of the disadvantages of continuous rapid cooling are: 1. Setting up severe quenching stresses, 2. Warping or distorting the object, and 3. Promoting crack formation in the steel. These undesirable effects may develop during uneven cooling of the heat-treated material. ✔ In order to overcome the disadvantages of continuous quen... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Martempering (Marquenching)
Martempering, also known as marquenching, is a interrupted cooling procedure used for steels to minimize the stresses, distortion and cracking of steels that may develop during rapid quenching. MARTEMPERING (MARQUENCHING) 1. What is Martempering ? ✓ Martempering, also known as marquenching, is a interrupted cooling procedure used for steels to minimize the stresses, distortion and cracking of steels that may develop during rapid quenching. 2. Martempering Process The martempering process consists of the following steps: Step 1: Austenitizing the steel, i.e., heating the steel ab... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Austempering (Isothermal quenching)
Austempering is another type of interrupted quenching that forms bainite structure. AUSTEMPERING (ISOTHERMAL QUENCHING) 1. What is Austempering? ✓ Austempering is another type of interrupted quenching that forms bainite structure. ✓ The austempering is an isothermal heat treatment process, usually used to reduce quenching distortion and to make a tough and strong steels. 2. Austempering Process The austempering process consists of the following steps: Step 1: Austenitizing the steel. Step 2: Quenching the austenitised steel in a molten salt bath at a temperature just above the ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Case Hardening (or surface hardening) of Steels
In many applications, it is desirable that the surface of the components should have high hardness, while the inside or core should be soft. CASE HARDENING (OR SURFACE HARDENING) OF STEELS CASE HARDENING (OR SURFACE HEAT TREATMENT) 1. Introduction ✓ In many applications, it is desirable that the surface of the components should have high hardness, while the inside or core should be soft. The treatments given to steels to achieve this are called surface heat treatments or surface hardening. ✓ We know that a principal reason for hardening steel is to retard wear on bearing and rub... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Carburising
Carburising is the process in which carbon atoms are introduced onto the surface of low carbon steels to produce a hard case of surface, while the interior or core remains soft. CARBURISING 1. What is Meant by Carburising Process? ✓ Carburising is the process in which carbon atoms are introduced onto the surface of low carbon steels to produce a hard case of surface, while the interior or core remains soft. ✓ Steels for carburising should have carbon from 0.10 to 0.20%. 2. Process of Carburising In carburisation, when a piece of low-carbon steel is placed in a carbon saturated ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Pack (or solid) Carburising
In pack carburising, the components to be treated are packed into steel boxes, along with the carburising mixture, so that a space of roughly 50 mm exists between them. PACK (OR SOLID) CARBURISING 1. What is Pack Carburising? ✓ In pack carburising, the components to be treated are packed into steel boxes, along with the carburising mixture, so that a space of roughly 50 mm exists between them. ✓ The carburising mixture essentially consists of some carbon- rich material, such as charcoal or charred leather, along with an energizer (upto 40% of the total composition). ✓ The ene... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Gas Carburizing
Gas carburising overcomes the drawbacks/difficulties of pack carburising by replacing the solid carburising mixture with a carbon-providing gas. GAS CARBURIZING 1. What is Meant by Gas Carburising? ✓ Gas carburising overcomes the drawbacks/difficulties of pack carburising by replacing the solid carburising mixture with a carbon-providing gas. ✓ Gas carburizing can be done with any carbonaceous gas (i.e., gas containing an excess of CO). In general, natural gas, propane, or generated gas atmospheres are most frequently used. 2. Procedure The gas-carburizing is carried out in both... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Liquid Carburising
Liquid carburising, also known as salt carburising, is carried out in baths of molten salt which contains 20 to 50% sodium cyanide, 40% sodium carbonate, and varying quantities of sodium or barium chloride. LIQUID CARBURISING 1. What is Liquid Carburising? ✓ Liquid carburising, also known as salt carburising, is carried out in baths of molten salt which contains 20 to 50% sodium cyanide, 40% sodium carbonate, and varying quantities of sodium or barium chloride. ✔The cyanide-rich mixture is heated in iron pots to a temperature of 870 to 950°C. The workpiece, which is carried in wi... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Nitriding
Nitriding is a process of introducing nitrogen atoms, to obtain hard surface of steel components. NITRIDING 1. What is Nitriding? ✔ Nitriding is a process of introducing nitrogen atoms, to obtain hard surface of steel components. It is another process for the surface hardening of steel. 2. Nitriding Vs Case-Hardening ✔ In case-hardening, the medium contains carbon whereas in nitriding it contains gaseous nitrogen. ✔ Special steels known as 'Nitralloy' steels are necessary for the nitriding process, because hardening depends upon the formation of very hard compounds of nitrogen ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Cyaniding
Cyaniding, also called liquid carburising, is a process of introducing both nitrogen and carbon to obtain hard surface of the steel components. CYANIDING 1. What is Cyaniding? ✓ Cyaniding, also called liquid carburising, is a process of introducing both nitrogen and carbon to obtain hard surface of the steel components. ✓ Cyaniding is done by immersing the workpiece in a cyanide bath, as in liquid carburising described in Section 2.17. ✓ Metals usually hardened by cyaniding process are plain carbon or alloy steels containing about 0.20% carbon. 2. Procedure In cyaniding process... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Carbonitriding
As we know, in the carburising process the diffusing hardening element is carbon. In nitriding process, the diffusion involves nitrogen. CARBONITRIDING 1. What is Carbonitriding? ✓ As we know, in the carburising process the diffusing hardening element is carbon. In nitriding process, the diffusion involves nitrogen. As the name suggests, carbonitriding is a surface- hardening process that involves the diffusion of both nitrogen and carbon into the steel surface. ✓ Carbonitriding is also known as gas-cyaniding or dry- cyaniding, because it makes use of a mixture of hydrocarbons pi... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Flame Hardening
Flame hardening is the process of selective hardening with a combustible gas flame as the source of heat for austenitizing. FLAME HARDENING 1. What is Flame Hardening? ✓ Flame hardening is the process of selective hardening with a combustible gas flame as the source of heat for austenitizing. ✓ Flame hardening can be performed only on steels with a sufficiently high carbon content - at least 0.4% C (to allow hardening). 2. Principle of Flame Hardening The surface to be hardened is heated to a temperature above its upper critical temperature, by means of a travelling oxy-acetylen... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Induction Hardening
The mechanism and purpose of induction hardening are the same as for flame hardening. INDUCTION HARDENING 1. What is Induction Hardening? ✓ The mechanism and purpose of induction hardening are the same as for flame hardening. The main difference is that in induction hardening the source of heat input is an induced electric current instead of using flame. ✓ In other words, the induction hardening is a process of selective hardening using resistance to induced eddy currents as the source of heat. 2. Suitability The steels that can be hardened with this process are the same as thos... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Major Defects in Steel due to faulty Heat Treatment
Table 2.7 summarises some of the major defects found in steel due to faulty heat treatment, their causes, prevention, and control. MAJOR DEFECTS IN STEEL DUE TO FAULTY HEAT TREATMENT Table 2.7 summarises some of the major defects found in steel due to faulty heat treatment, their causes, prevention, and control. Table 2.7. Major defects in steel due to faulty heat treatment, their causes, prevention, and control read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Vaccum and Plasma Surface Hardening
In addition to the various traditional surface hardening treatment techniques, there are new techniques are being guitson developed to meet the highest surface quality and mechanical properties of the components/products. VACCUM AND PLASMA SURFACE HARDENING ✔ In addition to the various traditional surface hardening treatment techniques, there are new techniques are being guitson developed to meet the highest surface quality and mechanical properties of the components/products. ✔ Two popular latest surface hardening techniques are: 1. Vacuum surface hardening, and 2. Plasma su... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Unit II: Heat Treatment - REVIEW AND SUMMARY
Heat treatment is the controlled heating and cooling of metals for the purpose of altering their properties. REVIEW AND SUMMARY ✓ Heat treatment is the controlled heating and cooling of metals for the purpose of altering their properties. In this unit, the theory and the various processes of heat treatment have been presented. ✓ The theory of heat treatment is based on the fact that a change takes place in the internal structure of metal by heating and cooling which induces desired properties in it. ✓ The important heat treatment processes are as follows: 1. Annealing (a) Full... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Unit II: Heat Treatment - SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS On Introduction to Heat Treatment 1. Define the term 'heat treatment'. 2. Why are the steels heat treated? 3. What are the purposes of the processing heat treatments? 4. List the. various stages of a heat treatment process. On Various Heat Treatment Processes 5. List some of the important heat treatment operations widely used. 6. What is meant by annealing? What are the purposes of it? 7. Define the following terms: (a) Full annealing, (b) Process annealing, (c) Stress relief annealing, (d) Recrystallisation annealing, and (e) Spheroidise annealing... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Unit II: Heat Treatment - 2 Marks Question & Answers
2 Marks Question & Answers: Heat Treatment - Engineering Materials and Metallurgy 2 Marks Question & Answers 1. Define the term 'heat treatment'. Heat treatment may be defined as an operation or combination of operations involving heating and cooling of a metal/alloy in solid state to obtain desirable properties. 2. What are the purposes of the processing heat treatments? 1. To relieve internal stresses. 2. To improve machinability. 3. To refine grain size. 4. To soften the metal. 5. To improve hardness of the metal surface. 6. To improve mechanical properties (like tensile s... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Unit I: Constitution of Alloys and Phase Diagrams - SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS
*Short Answer Type Questions* On Solid Solutions 1. Define the following terms: system, state, phase, component, constituent, degrees of freedom, equilibrium. 2. What is an alloy? 3. How many components are found in an alloy? 4. What is meant by base metal? 5. What are alloying elements? 6. How do you distinguish between alloying elements and impuri- ties? 7. Differentiate between substitutional and interstitial solid solutions. 8. State Hume Rothery's rules for formation of substitutional solid solutions. 9. Why is complete intersolubility possible in a substitutional solid. ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Constitution of Alloys and Phase Diagrams
Understand the formation of solid solu- tions and differentiate between substitutional and interstitial solid solutions. Constitution of Alloys and Phase Diagrams Learning Objectives While reading and after studying this chapter, you will be able to: ● Understand the formation of solid solu- tions and differentiate between substitutional and interstitial solid solutions. ● Appreciate the concepts, principles and uses of phase diagrams. ● Construct the phase diagrams from the liquid-solid cooling curves. ● Learn the basic rules for the interpretation of phase diagrams. ● Know the... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Solid Solutions
A pure metal consisting of only one type of atom is almost impossible. Practically impurities or foreign atoms always present in all materials. UNIT - 1 Constitution of Alloys and Phase Diagrams "It is difficult to say what is impossible, for the dream of yesterday is the hope of today and the reality of tomorrow." - Robert H. Goddard *SOLID SOLUTIONS* 1. IMPURITIES IN SOLIDS ✓ A pure metal consisting of only one type of atom is almost impossible. Practically impurities or foreign atoms always present in all materials. ✓ Only very few metals are used in the pure or nearly pure ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Intermediate Phases
If an alloying element is added in excess of the limit of solid solubility, a second phase appears along with the primary solid solution. INTERMEDIATE PHASES If an alloying element is added in excess of the limit of solid solubility, a second phase appears along with the primary solid solution. This second phase may be a primary solid solution of base metal in the alloying element, or an 'intermediate' phase (which differs in both crystal structure and properties from primary solid solution). ✓ This intermediate phases may have either narrow or wide ranges of homogeneity, and ma... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Phase Diagrams
One of the central themes in materials engineering is that the properties of a material depend on its underlying micro- structure. PHASE DIAGRAMS 1. Introduction ✓ One of the central themes in materials engineering is that the properties of a material depend on its underlying micro- structure. Also the development of the microstructure of the material depends upon its overall composition as well as variables such as temperature and pressure. As the composition involves more elements, the number of phases that may be present increases. In these situations, phase diagrams provide ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Cooling Curves and its Types, Construction of Phase Diagrams
Cooling curves are obtained by plotting the measured temperatures at equal intervals during the cooling period of a melt to a solid. COOLING CURVES (Time-Temperature Cooling Curves) ✓ Cooling curves are obtained by plotting the measured temperatures at equal intervals during the cooling period of a melt to a solid. ✓ The data obtained from these cooling curves are useful in constructing the equilibrium diagram. 1. Types of Cooling Curves Three main types of cooling curves are shown in Fig.1.9. 1. Cooling curve for pure metal or compound ✓ Fig.1.9 (a) shows the cooling curve fo... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Interpretation of Phase Diagrams
Using a phase diagram, one can obtain at least the following three informations. INTERPRETATION OF PHASE DIAGRAMS (Utilisation of Phase Diagrams) Using a phase diagram, one can obtain at least the following three informations. 1. The phases that are present, 2. The composition of each phase, and 3. The amount of each phase present. Now let us consider the equilibrium diagram shown in Fig.1.11 of two metals (Sb - Bi) that are completely soluble in each other in both the liquid and solid states. For the Fig.1.11, let us discuss the procedure for determining the above three info... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Types of Equilibrium Phase Diagrams
A phase diagram can be defined as a plot of the composition of phases as a function of temperature in any alloy system under equilibrium conditions. TYPES OF EQUILIBRIUM PHASE DIAGRAMS ✓ A phase diagram can be defined as a plot of the composition of phases as a function of temperature in any alloy system under equilibrium conditions. ✓ The phase diagrams can be broadly classified into two groups. They are: 1. Phase diagrams for complete solid solubility (i.e., phase diagrams for two metals completely soluble in the liquid and solid states). 2. Phase diagrams for partial solid sol... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Iron-Carbon System
Iron has been widely used by man for thousands of years. IRON-CARBON SYSTEM 1. Introduction Iron has been widely used by man for thousands of years. The availability comparatively low cost, and the wide range of properties have made irons and steels materials of great importance. Steels↑ and cast irons↑↑ containing varying percentages of carbon and other †The alloys of iron-carbon system containing 0.06% to 2.0% carbon are known as steels. †† Those alloys having carbon from 2.0% to 6.7% are called cast-irons. alloying elements are very popular engineering materials. In fact, ir... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Micro-Constituents of Iron-Carbon Alloys
There are different microscope constituents of iron-carbon alloys exist. MICRO-CONSTITUENTS OF IRON-CARBON ALLOYS ✓ There are different microscope constituents of iron-carbon alloys exist. The study of these micro-constituents is essential in order to understand iron-iron carbide (Fe-Fe3C) equilibrium phase diagram. ✓ Various micro-constituents of iron-carbon alloys are: 1. Ferrite, 2. Austenite, 3. Cementite, 4. Pearlite, 5. Ledeburite, 6. Martensite, 7. Troostite, 8. Sorbite, and 9. Bainite. Now we shall present a brief note on the above constituents in the following s... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Iron-Iron Carbide Equilibrium Diagram
Iron - Iron carbide equilibrium diagram is very much useful in understanding the microstructures and properties of cast irons and carbon steels. IRON-IRON CARBIDE EQUILIBRIUM DIAGRAM ✓ Iron - Iron carbide equilibrium diagram is very much useful in understanding the microstructures and properties of cast irons and carbon steels. ✓ It is also used to understand the basic differences among iron vinom alloys and the control of their properties. ✓ This phase diagram is constructed by plotting the carbon composition (weight per cent) along the X-axis and temperature along the Y-axis.... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
ME3392 ENGINEERING MATERIALS AND METALLURGY - Syllabus (Regulation 2021)
COURSE OBJECTIVES: 1. To learn the constructing the phase diagram and using of iron-iron carbide phase diagram for microstructure formation. 2. To learn selecting and applying various heat treatment processes and its microstructure formation. 3. To illustrate the different types of ferrous and non-ferrous alloys and their uses in engineering field. 4. To illustrate the different polymer, ceramics and composites and their uses in engineering field. 5. To learn the various testing procedures and failure mechanism in engineering field. UNIT - I CONSTITUTION OF ALLOYS AND PHASE DIA... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Basics, Zeroth and First Law
Thermal engineering deals the applications of thermodynamics and its laws relative to the work absorbing and producing devices and also improvement in their performance. simply an expression of the conservation of energy. It states that energy is a thermodynamic property. But, the second law of thermodynamics shows that the actual processes occur in the direction of decreasing quality of energy. Therefore, it states that the energy has both quantity as well as quality. For example, a cup of hot water left on a table eventually cools but a cup of cold water in the same room never g... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Microscopic and Macroscopic Approaches, Thermodynamic Properties
Thermodynamically, the behaviour of any matter can be studied in two different points of view: 1. Microscopic approach or statistical thermodynamics 2. Macroscopic approach or classical thermodynamics MICROSCOPIC AND MACROSCOPIC APPROACHES Thermodynamically, the behaviour of any matter can be studied in two different points of view: 1. Microscopic approach or statistical thermodynamics 2. Macroscopic approach or classical thermodynamics 1. Microscopic Approach or Statistical Thermodynamics Any substance or matter consists of a large number of particles called molecules. The pro... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Thermodynamic Systems
A thermodynamic system is defined as a definite space or area on which the study of energy transfer and energy conversions is made. THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEMS System A thermodynamic system is defined as a definite space or area on which the study of energy transfer and energy conversions is made. A system could be the water within the turbine or the gas inside a length of pipe or the entire lubricating oil system for a petrol engine. 2. Surroundings Anything outside the system which affects the behaviour of the system is known as surroundings or environment. For example, a fan may b... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Types of Thermodynamic Systems
The thermodynamics systems may be classified into the following three categories: TYPES OF THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEMS The thermodynamics systems may be classified into the following three categories: (a) Closed system (b) Open system (c) Isolated system. 1. Closed System A closed system does not permit any mass transfer but only the energy transfer takes place. The system boundary is determined by the space that the matter occupies. A closed system is also known as control mass. Consider a system shown in Figure 1.3 (b). If heat is supplied to the system (fluid) from an external... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Control Volume
Control volume is a fixed region in space chosen for the thermodynamic study of mass and energy balances for flowing systems. CONTROL VOLUME Control volume is a fixed region in space chosen for the thermodynamic study of mass and energy balances for flowing systems. Therefore, it is a properly selected region in the space. In control volume both mass and energy can be exchanged with surrounding through its boundary. In other words the control volume is the open system. Generally, any arbitrary region in space can be selected as a control volume. There is no specific rule for sel... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Concept of Continuum
A continuous homogenous medium is called continuum. Continuum is based on the macroscopic approach. CONCEPT OF CONTINUUM A continuous homogenous medium is called continuum. Continuum is based on the macroscopic approach. The continuum idealization allows us to treat the properties as point functions and assumes the properties varying continually in space with no jump discontinuities. This idealization is valid as long as the size of the system is large relative to the space between molecules. From the macroscopic perspective, the description of matter is simplified by considerin... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Concept of Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium
Temperature is the measure of molecular velocity of fluid particles. CONCEPT OF TEMPERATURE AND THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM 1. Temperature Temperature is the measure of molecular velocity of fluid particles. The greater is the movement of molecules, the higher will be the temperature. There is no exact definition for temperature. It is a property which is used to determine the degree of hotness or coldness or the level of heat intensity of a body. Based on physiological sensations only, the level of temperature is qualitatively expressed in words such as freezing cold, cold, warm, hot a... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Intensive and Extensive Properties of a System
Property is defined as any measurable or observable characteristics of the substance when the system remains in equilibrium state. INTENSIVE AND EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES OF A SYSTEM Property is defined as any measurable or observable characteristics of the substance when the system remains in equilibrium state. Any characteristic of a system is called its property. Example: Pressure (p), temperature (T), volume (V), mass (m), etc. The properties are classified into the following two types: (a) Intensive or intrinsic property and (b) Extensive or extrinsic property. (a) Intensive pro... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Total and Specific Quantities
In most of the thermodynamic analyses, the terms 'Total' and 'Specific' quantities are used which relates only to extensive properties. TOTAL AND SPECIFIC QUANTITIES In most of the thermodynamic analyses, the terms 'Total' and 'Specific' quantities are used which relates only to extensive properties. Total quantity refers to the entire quantity a thermodynamic system contained within it. A total quantity is always denoted by an upper case letter such as V for volume (m3) and H for enthalpy (J). A specific property is obtained by dividing an extensive property of a system by its ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
State of a system
State is the condition of the system at any particular moment. STATE OF A SYSTEM State is the condition of the system at any particular moment. The state is identified by the properties of the system such as pressure, volume, temperature etc. At a given state, all properties of the system have fixed values. Even if the value of one property changes, the state of the system will change to a different state which is called a change of state. read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Path
The succession of states crossed through the control volume during the change of state in the thermodynamic system is called path. PATH The succession of states crossed through the control volume during the change of state in the thermodynamic system is called path. In other words, it refers to the series of state changes through which the system passes during a process. So, path refers to the locii of various intermediate states passed through a system in a process. read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Thermodynamic Process
Process is the change of state undergone by a system from one equilibrium state to another equilibrium state. THERMODYNAMIC PROCESS Process is the change of state undergone by a system from one equilibrium state to another equilibrium state. It consists of sufficient information about the thermodynamic properties at successive state points. The path of the succession of states through which the system passes is called thermodynamic process. For example, (i) increasing the temperature of a fluid while maintaining a constant pressure and (ii) increasing the pressure of a confined... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Thermodynamic Equilibrium
A system is said to be in equilibrium if it does not tend to undergo any change of state on its own accord. THERMODYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM A system is said to be in equilibrium if it does not tend to undergo any change of state on its own accord. A system is said to be in thermodynamic equilibrium, then it should satisfy the following three conditions of equilibrium: (a) Mechanical equilibrium: A system is said to be in mechanical equilibrium when there are no unbalanced forces acting on it. (b) Thermal equilibrium: A system is said to be in thermal equilibrium when there is no tempe... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Thermodynamic Cycle
A process in which a fluid successively changes state for the purpose of producing or transferring energy is known as cycle. THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE A process in which a fluid successively changes state for the purpose of producing or transferring energy is known as cycle. A thermodynamic cycle consists of a linked sequence of thermodynamic processes and eventually returns the system to its initial state. The thermodynamic processes in a cyclic involve transfer of heat and work into and out of the system, while varying pressure, temperature, and other state variables within the syste... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Point Function and Path Function
When a gas undergoes a process from initial state to final state, the thermodynamic properties will change. POINT FUNCTION AND PATH FUNCTION When a gas undergoes a process from initial state to final state, the thermodynamic properties will change. Some of the properties such as pressure, volume and temperature are not dependent on the path followed by a system. It is purely independent of the path followed by a process. These properties are called point function or state function. Example: Pressure, volume, temperature, etc. In Figure 1.15, the properties such as pressure and v... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Energy
Energy is a fundamental concept of thermodynamics and one of the most significant aspects of engineering analysis. ENERGY Energy is a fundamental concept of thermodynamics and one of the most significant aspects of engineering analysis. Energy is defined as the capacity of a system to perform work or produce heat. Energy can exist in numerous forms such as chemical, thermal, mechanical, magnetic, kinetic, potential, electric and nuclear. Their sum constitutes the total energy (E) of a system. In a thermodynamic analysis, various forms of energy that make up the total energy of... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Heat Transfer (Q)
Heat is defined as the energy crossing the boundary of a system due to the temperature difference between system and surroundings. HEAT TRANSFER (Q) Heat is defined as the energy crossing the boundary of a system due to the temperature difference between system and surroundings. It is usually represented by Q and expressed in Joule or kJ. Heat exists only due to the heat transfer. For the transfer of heat, there should be temperature difference between two systems. The amount of heat transferred depends upon the path and not simply on the initial and final conditions of the syst... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Work Transfer (W)
Work is an energy interaction between a system and its surroundings. WORK TRANSFER (W) Work is an energy interaction between a system and its surroundings. Usually, the energy can cross the boundary of any system in the form of either heat or work. But, the energy crossed through the boundary in a closed system is definitely in the form of work. As with the heat, the amount of work done by or on a system depends upon the path and not simply on the initial and final conditions of the system. Work is defined as the product of force and distance moved in the direction of the force ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
P-V Diagram
A pressure-volume diagram (or p-V diagram or pV diagram) is used to describe corresponding changes in volume and pressure in a system. p-V DIAGRAM A pressure-volume diagram (or p-V diagram or pV diagram) is used to describe corresponding changes in volume and pressure in a system. Consider a gas sealed in a container with a tightly fitting yet movable piston as shown in Figure 1.27. The work can be done on the gas by pressing the piston from point 1 to 2. When the gas is subjected to these thermodynamics processes, the pressure and volume of the gas can change. A convenient way ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Concept of Ideal and Real Gases
An ideal gas is an imaginary substance that obeys the relation pV = RT. CONCEPT OF IDEAL AND REAL GASES 1. Ideal gas: An ideal gas is an imaginary substance that obeys the relation pV = RT. So, the state equation is also known as ideal gas equation. At low pressure and high temperature, the density of a gas decreases. At that time, the gas behaves as an ideal gas. A factor is introduced to account the deviation of ideal gas behaviour known as compressibility factor. It is a measure of the deviation of ideal gas behaviour. 2. Real gas: At high pressures, the gases start to deviate... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Characteristic Gas Equation
The general gas equation for ideal gas is given by pV / T = constant CHARACTERISTIC GAS EQUATION The general gas equation for ideal gas is given by pV / T = constant ... (1.29) where p = Pressure in N/m2 V = Volume in m3 T = Temperature in K Taking R as constant, pV / T = R ... (1.30) pV = RT If mass 'm' is considered, then the equation becomes pV = mRT This equation is known as characteristic gas equation. read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
Zeroth law of thermodynamics states, "When two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a third body separately, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other". ZEROTH LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS Zeroth law of thermodynamics states, "When two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a third body separately, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other". As shown in Figure 1.28, let, a system X be in thermal equilibrium with another system Y. Also, let, another system Z is in thermal equilibrium with the system Y. Then, from Zeroth law of thermodynamics, the system X is in... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
First Law of Thermodynamics - Application to closed systems (cyclic process)
First law of thermodynamics states, "when a system undergoes a cyclic process, then the net heat transfer is equal to the net work transfer". FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS - APPLICATION TO CLOSED SYSTEMS (CYCLIC PROCESS) First law of thermodynamics states, "when a system undergoes a cyclic process, then the net heat transfer is equal to the net work transfer". Mathematically, It may be stated, "the heat and work are mutually convertible". According to the law of conservation energy, "energy may be neither created nor destroyed but it can be transferred from one form to another for... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Internal Energy is a Property
Consider a system changing from state 1 to state 2 by following the path A but the system returns to the original state in two different paths namely B and C as shown in Figure 1.29. INTERNAL ENERGY IS A PROPERTY Consider a system changing from state 1 to state 2 by following the path A but the system returns to the original state in two different paths namely B and C as shown in Figure 1.29. As per the first law of thermodynamics, for path A QA = WA + ΔUA For path B, QB = WB + ΔUB For path C, QC = WC + ΔUC For the cycle 1-A-2-B-1, we know that Similarly, for the cycle 1-A-2... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Solved Problems on closed systems (cyclic process)
Solved Problems on closed systems (cyclic process): Basics, Zeroth and First Law - Engineering Thermodynamics SOLVED PROBLEMS ON CLOSED SYSTEMS (CYCLIC PROCESS) Problem 1.1 During a flow process 5 kW paddle wheel work is supplied while the internal energy of the system increases in one minute as 200 kJ. Find the heat transfer when there is no other form of energy transfer. Given data: Work done, W = -5 kW (Since work is supplied to the system) Internal energy, ΔU = 200 kJ/min = 200/60 = 3.33 kJ/s To find: Heat transfer, Q Solution: From first law of thermodynamics, Q = W +... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Solved Anna University Problems on closed systems (cyclic process)
Solved Anna University Problems on closed systems (cyclic process): Basics, Zeroth and First Law - Engineering Thermodynamics SOLVED ANNA UNIVERSITY PROBLEMS ON CLOSED SYSTEMS (CYCLIC PROCESS) AU Problem 1.1 A gas whose original pressure, volume and temperature were 140 kN/m3, 0.1 m3 and 25°C respectively is compressed such that new pressure is 700 kN/m2 and its new temperature is 60°C. Determine the new volume of the gas. Given data: P1 = 140 kN/m2 V1 = 0.1 m3 T1 = 25°C = 25 + 273 = 298 K p2 = 700 kN/m2 T2 = 60°C = 60 + 273 = 333 K To find: V2 Solution: From ideal gas eq... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
First Law of Thermodynamics Application to closed systems (Non-Flow Processes)
The processes occurring in closed systems which do not permit the transfer of mass across their boundaries are known as non-flow processes. FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS APPLICATION TO CLOSED SYSTEMS (NON-FLOW PROCESSES) The processes occurring in closed systems which do not permit the transfer of mass across their boundaries are known as non-flow processes. In non-flow processes, there are only heat transfer and work transfer but there is no mass transfer into or out of the system. During the energy flow, the changes take place in pressure, volume, temperature, internal energy, h... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Relation between cp, cv and R
The ratio two specific heat Cp/Cv is denoted by the letter gama (γ). RELATION BETWEEN Cp, Cv AND R The ratio two specific heat Cp/Cv is denoted by the letter gama (γ). ⸫ γ = Cp/Cv ...(1.59) Its value is generally taken as 1.4 for air. The difference between two specific heats is denoted by letter R (characteristic gas constant) Cp - Cv = R. read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Important Formulae for Non-Flow Processes
Important Formulae for Non-Flow Processes IMPORTANT FORMULAE FOR NON-FLOW PROCESSES read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Solved Problems on closed systems (Non-Flow Processes)
Solved Problems on closed systems (Non-Flow Processes): Basics, Zeroth and First Law - Engineering Thermodynamics SOLVED PROBLEMS ON CLOSED SYSTEMS (NON-FLOW PROCESSES) Problem 1.12 Mass of 15 kg of air in a piston cylinder device is heated from 25°C to 90°C by passing current through a resistance heater inside the cylinder. The pressure inside the cylinder is held constant at 300 kPa during the process and a heat loss of 60 kJ occurs. Determine the electrical energy supplied in kW-hr and change in internal energy.- Given data: m = 15 kg T1 = 25°C = 25 + 273 = 298 K T2 = 90°... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Solved Anna University Problems on closed systems (Non – Flow Processes)
Solved Anna University Problems on closed systems (Non – Flow Processes): Basics, Zeroth and First Law - Engineering Thermodynamics SOLVED ANNA UNIVERSITY PROBLEMS ON CLOSED SYSTEMS (NON – FLOW PROCESSES) AU Problem 1.13 A stationary mass of a gas is compressed without friction from an initial state of 0.3 m3 and 0.105 MPa to a final state of 0.15 m3 and 0.105 MPa, the pressure remaining constant during the process. There is a transfer of 37.6 kJ of heat from the gas during the process. How much does the internal energy of the gas change? Given data: V1 = 0.3 m3 p1 = 0.105 MPa... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
First Law of Thermodynamics - Application to open systems or control volume
In any system, if the rate of flow of working fluid is constant with respect to time, the system is known as steady flow system. FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS - APPLICATION TO OPEN SYSTEMS OR CONTROL VOLUME In any system, if the rate of flow of working fluid is constant with respect to time, the system is known as steady flow system. In this system, the mass of working fluid enters the system and leaves the system after doing the work. Therefore, this system is known as open system. From first law of thermodynamics, the total energy entering the system is equal to the total energy l... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Steady Flow Energy Equation (SFEE)
Consider an open system through which the working substance flows in a steady rate as shown in Figure 1.63. STEADY FLOW ENERGY EQUATION (SFEE) Consider an open system through which the working substance flows in a steady rate as shown in Figure 1.63. The working substance entering the system at (1) and leaves the system at (2). Let p1 = Pressure of the working substance entering the system in N/m2 v1 = Specific volume of the working substance entering the system in m3/kg C1 = Velocity of the working substance entering the system in m/s u1 = Specific internal energy of the workin... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
First Law of Thermodynamics - Application to Open Systems
A boiler is a device which is used to generate high-pressure steam by supplying heat to the water. FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS - APPLICATION TO OPEN SYSTEMS 1. Boiler (or) Steam Generator A boiler is a device which is used to generate high-pressure steam by supplying heat to the water. In this system, the heat energy is stored in the steam. Therefore, the internal energy (U) exists. The flow energy (pV) exits due to movement of water. But, there is no work done by the system. The potential energy (gz) and kinetic energy (C2/2) are very small. So, it can be neglected. Therefore,... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Important Formulae in Open Systems
The steady flow energy equation (SFEE) per unit mass is given by IMPORTANT FORMULAE - OPEN SYSTEMS (1) The steady flow energy equation (SFEE) per unit mass is given by (2) SFEE to boiler, Q = h2 – h1 (3) SFEE to condenser, Q = h1 – h2 (4) SFEE to nozzle, (5) For turbine, SFEE is given by W = h1 – h2 (6) For rotary compressor, SFEE is given by W = h2 – h1 (7) For reciprocating compressor, SFEE is given by W = Q + (h2 – h1) read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Solved Problems on open systems or control volume for Steady Flow
Solved Problems on open systems or control volume for steady flow: Basics, Zeroth and First Law - Engineering Thermodynamics SOLVED PROBLEMS ON OPEN SYSTEMS OR CONTROL VOLUME FOR STEADY FLOW Problem 1.26 In a steady flow process, 125 kJ of work is done by each kg of working fluid. The specific volume, velocity and pressure of the working fluid at inlet are 0.41 m3/kg, 15.5 m/s and 6 bar respectively. The inlet is 31 m above the ground and the exhaust pipe is at the ground level. The discharge conditions of the working fluid are 0.64 m3/kg, 1 bar and 263 m/s. The total heat loss ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Solved Anna University Problems on open systems for Steady Flow
Solved Anna University Problems on open systems for steady flow: Basics, Zeroth and First Law - Engineering Thermodynamics SOLVED ANNA UNIVERSITY PROBLEMS ON OPEN SYSTEMS FOR STEADY FLOW AU Problem 1.30 In a steady flow system, a working substance flows at a rate of 4 kg/s enters a pressure of 620 kN/m2 at a velocity of 300 m/s. The internal energy is 2100 kJ/kg and specific volume 0.37 m3/kg. It leaves the system at a pressure of 130 kN/m2, a velocity of 150 m/s, internal energy of 1500 kJ/kg and specific volume of 1.2 m3/kg. During its passage in the system, the substance has ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Unsteady Flow Processes
In unsteady flow, the flow varies with respect to time. UNSTEADY FLOW PROCESSES In unsteady flow, the flow varies with respect to time. For example: Filling and emptying of vessels. It is mainly considered during startup and shutdown periods of machines. The following assumptions are made for deriving the unsteady flow energy equation. 1. The rate of accumulation of energy within the control volume is equal to the net rate of energy flow across the Control Surface (CS). 2. The state of mass entering or leaving the control volume is constant with time. Let, m1 = Initial mass o... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Solved Problems on Unsteady Flow Process
Problem 1.36 An insulated rigid tank with zero heat capacity contains 15 kg of air at 2 bar and 50°C. It is filled with air from a large reservoir at 10 bar and 60°C. Find the final state of air in the tank and mass added. Assume Cp = 1.03 kJ/kgK and Cv = 0.71 kJ/kgK. Given data: For insulated tank, Q = 0 For rigid tank, V1 = V2 m1 = 15 kg p1 = 2 bar T1 = 50°C = 50 + 273 = 323 K p2 = 10 bar Tr = 60°C = 60 + 273 = 333 K Cp = 1.03 kJ/kgK Cv = 0.71 kJ/kgK To find: T2 and mass added (m2 – m1) Solution: From ideal gas equation, From unsteady flow energy equation Q - W = m... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Solved Anna University Problems on open systems for unsteady flow
*AU Problem 1.53An insulated rigid tank of 1.5 m3 of air with a pressure of 6 bar and 100°C discharges air into the atmosphere which is at 1 bar through a discharge pipe till its pressure becomes 1 bar.(1) Calculate the velocity of air in the discharge pipe.(2) Evaluate the work that can be obtained from the frictionless turbine using kinetic energy of that air.* Given data: Q = 0 (insulated tank) V1 = V2 = 1.5 m3 (rigid tank) p1 = 6 bar = 600 kPa T1 = 100°C = 100 + 273 = 373 K p2 = 1 bar = 100 kPa Solution: read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
ME3391 ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS - Syllabus (Regulation 2021)
*COURSE OBJECTIVES:* 1. Impart knowledge on the basics and application of zeroth and first law of thermodynamics. 2. Impart knowledge on the second law of thermodynamics in analysing the performance of thermal devices. 3. Impart knowledge on availability and applications of second law of thermodynamics 4. Teach the various properties of steam through steam tables and Mollier chart. 5. Impart knowledge on the macroscopic properties of ideal and real gases. *UNIT - I BASICS, ZEROTH AND FIRST LAW* Review of Basics – Thermodynamic systems, Properties and processes Thermodynamic Equ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Entropy change for a pure substance
When the water is continuously heated, the temperature increases up to 100°C without changing its phase. ENTROPY CHANGE FOR A PURE SUBSTANCE (i) Compressed liquid: When the water is continuously heated, the temperature increases up to 100°C without changing its phase. The heat contained in the water before reaching 100°C is only sensible heat. The sensible heat also contains entropy. It can be taken from compressed liquid tables for pure substance. (ii) Saturated liquid: The water at 100°C called saturated liquid has the highest sensible heat. The entropy of saturated water at th... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Tds Equations
Based on the first law of thermodynamics, Heat transfer, Q = Work done (W) + Internal energy (ΔU) TdS = pdV + dU Tds EQUATIONS Based on the first law of thermodynamics, Heat transfer, Q = Work done (W) + Internal energy (ΔU) TdS = pdV + dU It can be rewritten as TdS = dU + pdV ……(2.33) For unit mass, Tds = du + pdv ….. (2.34) Equation (2.33) is the first Tds equation or Gibb's function. We know that Enthalpy, h = u + pv Differentiating above enthalpy equation, it becomes Enthalpy, dh = du + d(pv) = du + vdp + pdv ⸫ du = dh – vdp – pdv ... (2.35) Substit... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
T-s Diagram
A state of system is represented by selecting the properties i.e. temperature (T) and entropy (s) as co-ordinates as shown in Figure 2.33. T-s DIAGRAM A state of system is represented by selecting the properties i.e. temperature (T) and entropy (s) as co-ordinates as shown in Figure 2.33. This diagram is known as T-s diagram. The differential form of heat transfer can be written as dQ = Tds When a system undergoes a change of states from state 1 to state 2, then the area under the process 1-2 represents the heat transfer from state 1 to state 2 as shown in Figure 2.33. Integ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Entropy: a Property of the System
Let, a thermodynamic system undergoes a change of state from 1 to 2 by a reversible process 1-A-2 and returns to its original state 1 by another reversible process 2-B-1 and completing a cycle 1-2-1. ENTROPY: A PROPERTY OF THE SYSTEM Let, a thermodynamic system undergoes a change of state from 1 to 2 by a reversible process 1-A-2 and returns to its original state 1 by another reversible process 2-B-1 and completing a cycle 1-2-1. For this cyclic reversible process, the entropy equation is given by Now, let us consider the cycle 1-2-1 completed by another reversible process 2-C... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Concept of Entropy
Entropy is an index of unavailability or degradation of energy. CONCEPT OF ENTROPY Entropy is an index of unavailability or degradation of energy. It can also be stated, it is a measure of molecular disorder or random function of a system process. It can be created but it cannot be destroyed. Heat always flows from hot body to cold body and thus it becomes less value. This unavailability of energy is measured by entropy. It is an important thermodynamic property of the working substance. It increases with the addition of heat and decreases with its removal. It is the function of ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Clausius Inequality - Solved Anna University Problem
Solved Anna University Problem on Clausius Inequality: Second Law and Entropy - Engineering Thermodynamics SOLVED ANNA UNIVERSITY PROBLEM ON CLAUSIUS INEQUALITY AU Problem 2.32 An inventor claims to have developed an engine which receives 1000 kJ at a temperature of 160°C. It rejects heat at a temperature of 5°C and delivers 0.12 kWh of mechanical work. Is this a valid claim? Justify your answer through Classius inequality. Given data: Q1 = 1000 kJ T1 = 160°C = 160 + 273 = 433 K T2 = 5°C = 5 + 273 = 278 K W = 0.12 kWh = 0.12 × 3600 = 432 kJ To find: Check for validity of cl... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Clausius Inequality - Solved Problems
Solved Problem on Clausius Inequality: Second Law and Entropy - Engineering Thermodynamics SOLVED PROBLEM ON CLAUSIUS INEQUALITY Problem 2.11 An inventor claims that his new engine will develop 30 kW for a heat addition of 2400 kJ/min. The highest and the lowest temperature of the cycle are 2200°C and 327°C respectively. Would you agree his claim? Use Clausius inequality method. Given data: W = 30 kW = 30 × 60 = 1800 kJ/min Q1 = 2400 kJ/min T1 = 1527°C = 2200 + 273 = 2473 K T2 = 327°C = 327 + 273 = 600 K To find: Agreement his claim. Solution: read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Causius Inequality
Clausius inequality states that "when a system undergoes a cyclic process, the summation of dQ/T around a closed cycle is less than or equal to zero." CLAUSIUS INEQUALITY Clausius inequality states that "when a system undergoes a cyclic process, the summation of dQ/T around a closed cycle is less than or equal to zero." Consider an engine operating between two fixed temperature reservoirs T1 and T2. Let, dQ1 unit of heat is supplied at temperature T1 and dQ2 unit of heat is rejected at temperature T2 in a cycle. Thermal efficiency of any reversible engine working on the same tem... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Heat Engines, Refrigerators and Heat Pump - Solved Anna University Problems
Solved Anna University Problems on Heat Engines, Refrigerators and Heat Pump: Second Law and Entropy - Engineering Thermodynamics SOLVED ANNA UNIVERSITY PROBLEMS ON HEAT ENGINES, REFRIGERATORS AND HEAT PUMP AU Problem 2.1 In a Carnot cycle, the maximum pressure and temperature are limited to 18 bar and 410°C. The volume ratio of isentropic compression is 6 and isothermal expansion is 1.5. Assume the volume of the air at the beginning of isothermal expansion as 0.18 m3. Show the cycle on p-V and T-s diagrams and determine the (1) pressure and temperature at main points (2) therm... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Heat Engines, Refrigerators and Heat Pump - Solved Problems
Solved Problems on Heat Engines, Refrigerators and Heat Pump: Second Law and Entropy - Engineering Thermodynamics SOLVED PROBLEMS ON HEAT ENGINES, REFRIGERATORS AND HEAT PUMP *Problem 2.1* *An inventor claims to have developed an efficient heat engine which would have a heat source at 1000°C and reject heat to a sink at 50°C and gives an efficiency of 90%. Justify whether his claim is possible or not.* *Given data:* *T*1 = 1000°*C* = 1000 + 273 = 1273* K* *T*2 = 50°*C = *50 + 273 = 323 *K* η = 90% *To find:* Whether the inventor's claim is correct or not. *Solution:* Accordi... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Absolute Thermodynamic Temperature Scale
A temperature scale which is independent of the properties of the substances that are used to measure temperature is called a thermodynamic temperature scale. ABSOLUTE THERMODYNAMIC TEMPERATURE SCALE A temperature scale which is independent of the properties of the substances that are used to measure temperature is called a thermodynamic temperature scale. This temperature scale should be very much useful in thermodynamic calculations and its derivation using some reversible heat engines. Based on corollaries of the second law of thermodynamics, all reversible heat engines have... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Carnot Theorem
Carnot theorem states that "no heat engine operating in a cyclic process between two fixed temperatures can be more efficient than a reversible engine which is operating between the same temperature limits" CARNOT THEOREM Carnot theorem states that "no heat engine operating in a cyclic process between two fixed temperatures can be more efficient than a reversible engine which is operating between the same temperature limits" Corollaries of Carnot theorem: Corollary I All reversible engines operating between the same temperature limits have the same efficiency. Corollary II Th... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Reversed Carnot Cycle and its Performance
As all the processes in the Carnot cycle are reversible, it can be reversed. In this case, it becomes the Carnot refrigeration cycle. REVERSED CARNOT CYCLE AND ITS PERFORMANCE As all the processes in the Carnot cycle are reversible, it can be reversed. In this case, it becomes the Carnot refrigeration cycle. This cycle is used to extract heat from cold body and reject it into hot body (atmosphere). This cycle consists of two isothermal and two isentropic processes. p-V and T-s diagrams of reversed Carnot cycle are shown in Figure 2.10. Process 1-2: Isentropic compression in a co... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Carnot Cycle and its Performance
It is also called constant temperature cycle. CARNOT CYCLE AND ITS PERFORMANCE It is also called constant temperature cycle. This cycle was introduced by Sadi Carnot. It consists of four processes such as two isentropic or reversible adiabatic and two isothermal processes. p-V and T-s diagrams for Carnot cycle are given in Figure 2.9. Process 1-2: Isentropic compression Air is isentropically compressed from state 1 to state 2. During this process, both pressure and temperature increase from p1 to p2 and T1 to T2 respectively. But, the volume decreases from V1 to V2. There is no... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Irreversibility
Practically, all thermodynamic processes are irreversible process. IRREVERSIBILITY Practically, all thermodynamic processes are irreversible process. When any process is reversed, it will definitely not follow the same path as the original process. At the same time, it produces a change in the universe. So, the path traced by the reverse process is different. Therefore, the work involved due to this process is called irreversible work. Irreversibility is produced due to various reasons. Causes of irreversibility: 1. Lack of equilibrium. 2. Heat transfer through a finite tempera... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Reversibility
All processes are divided into two types on the basis of second law of thermodynamics. REVERSIBILITY All processes are divided into two types on the basis of second law of thermodynamics. 1. Reversible process or ideal process 2. Irreversible process or actual process or natural process. A process is performed in such a way that it should trace the same path when the process is reversed known as reversible process. It means that it does not follow the different path without producing any change in the universe when it is reversed. Also, both system and surroundings come to the... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Corollaries of the Second Law of Thermodynamics
The statements which can be proved with the help of reversible cycles are called corollaries of the second law of thermodynamics. COROLLARIES OF THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS The statements which can be proved with the help of reversible cycles are called corollaries of the second law of thermodynamics. Corollary - 1 It is impossible to construct a system which will operate in a cycle and transfer the heat from a cold body to a hot body without supplying work on the system by surroundings. Proof: If above-said statement is not true, the system could be represented by a heat... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Equivalence of Second law of Thermodynamics
EQUIVALENCE OF SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS As we know, heat and work are mutually convertible. The work can be converted fully into heat energy but the heat energy cannot be converted fully into mechanical work. It violates the first law of thermodynamic statements. Also, a machine which violates the first law of thermodynamics is known as Perpetual Motion Machine (PMM-1) of the first kind which is impossible. PMM-1 is a machine which delivers work continuously without any input. Thus, the machine violates first law of thermodynamics. So, it is considered as equivalent to secon... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Statements of Second Law of Thermodynamics
The second law of thermodynamics is stated in two ways. (i) Kelvin-Planck statement and (ii) Clausius statement. STATEMENTS OF SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS The second law of thermodynamics is stated in two ways. (i) Kelvin-Planck statement and (ii) Clausius statement. 1. Kelvin-Planck Statement The Kelvin-Planck statement can be expressed as "it is impossible for any device that operates on a cyclic process to receive heat from a single reservoir and produce an equivalent amount of work". Otherwise, it is impossible to construct an engine working on a cyclic process which conve... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Heat Pump and its Performance
Heat pump is a device which is used to supply heat to a hot system. HEAT PUMP AND ITS PERFORMANCE Heat pump is a device which is used to supply heat to a hot system. In other words, it is used to maintain the temperature of the body higher than the surroundings. Example: Room heater used during winter season. where T3 and T4 are high and low temperatures of reservoirs respectively. read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Refrigerator and its Performance
Refrigerator is a device which is used to remove heat from a cold system. REFRIGERATOR AND ITS PERFORMANCE Refrigerator is a device which is used to remove heat from a cold system. In other words, it is used to maintain the temperature of the body lower than the surroundings. Example: Air conditioners, coolers, freezers etc. The efficiency of a refrigerator is expressed in terms of the 'Coefficient Of Performance' (COP). It is the ratio of heat extracted to the work input. COP of a refrigerator is given by where T3 and T4 are high and low temperature of reservoirs respectively. ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Heat Engine and its Performance
Heat engine is a device which operates a thermodynamic cycle and produces work by supplying heat from hot reservoir. HEAT ENGINE AND ITS PERFORMANCE Heat engine is a device which operates a thermodynamic cycle and produces work by supplying heat from hot reservoir. Example: Internal combustion (I.C.) engines, boiler etc. The performance of any engine is measured by the term 'efficiency'. It is defined as the ratio of network output produced by an engine to the amount of heat supplied to the engine. It is expressed as given below. where W - Work done Q1 - Heat supplied from t... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Heat Reservoir, Source and Sink
The ideal body having large thermal energy capacity which either continuously supplies or absorbs the infinite amount of heat without changing its temperature is called thermal energy reservoir or heat reservoir. HEAT RESERVOIR, SOURCE AND SINK The ideal body having large thermal energy capacity which either continuously supplies or absorbs the infinite amount of heat without changing its temperature is called thermal energy reservoir or heat reservoir. If the reservoir continuously supplies heat energy to the system, it is called a source or hot reservoir. The source is always... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Second Law and Entropy
1. INTRODUCTION TO SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS According to the first law of thermodynamics, all forms of energy are equivalent. One form of energy can be converted into other form of energy and any process is possible as long as it does not create energy or destroy energy. Also, in a cyclic process, the heat is fully converted into work and vice-versa. But in actual practice, all forms of energy cannot be changed into work. Hence, there are certain processes which are not possible to occur even though these processes do not violate the first law of thermodynamics. The followi... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Unit V: Gas Mixtures and Thermodynamic Relations - Problems for Practice with Answer
Problems for Practice: Gas Mixtures and Thermodynamic Relations - Engineering Thermodynamics PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE 1. Compute the specific volume of steam at 1 bar and 550 K using Van der Waals equation. Take critical temperature of steam is 647.3 K and Critical pressure is 220.9 bar. 2. A vessel of volume 0.5 m3 contains 12 kg of air at 300 K. Determine the pressure exerted by the air using 1. Perfect gas equation 2. Van der Waals equation 3. Generalised compressibility chart. Take critical temperature of air is 132.8 K and critical pressure of air is 37.7 bar. 3. The gas n... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Unit IV: Properties of Pure Substances - Problems for Practice with Answer
Problems for Practice: Properties of Pure Substances - Engineering Thermodynamics PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE 1. Calculate the state of a steam using steam tables. (a) Steam has a pressure of 15 bar and specific volume of 0.12 m3/kg (b) Steam has a pressure of 10 bar and temperature of 200°C. [Ans:- (a) wet and (b) wet.] 2. A 0.25 m3 vessel contains steam of 10 bar at 200°C. Find the pressure if the steam is cooled to dry saturated state at which temperature of 130°C isentropically. [Ans:- p = 9.4 bar and x = 0.938 dry] 3. Find the volume, enthalpy and internal energy of steam (i... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Unit III: Availability and Applications of II Law - Problems for Practice with Answer
Problems for Practice: Availability and Applications of II Law - Engineering Thermodynamics PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE 1. A mass of 10 kg of air at 400 K is mixed with 20 kg of air at 300 K. Determine the change in entropy of universe. [Ans:- [ΔS = -0.238 kJ/K] 2. In a steam generator, water is evaporated at 275°C while the combustion gas (Cp = 1.08 kJ/kgK) is cooled from 1500°C to 350°C. The surroundings are at 30°C. Determine the loss in available energy due to the above heat transfer per kg of water evaporated (Latent heat of vaporization of water at C = 1675 kJ/kg). [Ans:- A.E... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Unit II: Second Law and Entropy - Problems for Practice with Answer
1. A reversible heat engine operates between a source at 800°C and a sink at 30°C. What is br the least rate of heat rejection per kW net work output of the engine? 2. A reversible heat engine working between 400°C and 100°C drives a heat pump which pumps heat from 0°C to 35°C. For an input 10 kW to the engine, determine the rate at which the heat is pumped to the receiver at 35°C. [Ans:- Q = 39.25 kW] 3. A house which was heated by electric resistance heaters consumed 1200 kWh of electric energy in a winter month. If this house is heated by a heat pump instead which is having 2... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Unit I: Basics, Zeroth and First Law - Problems for Practice with Answer
1. 3 kg of a gas at 75°C heated at constant volume until its pressure is 2 times is the initial pressure. Determine the (i) final temperature (ii) heat transfer (iii) change in internal energy and (iv) change in Enthalpy. (Assume Cp = 1.005 kJ/kg K and Cv = 0.718 kJ/kgK) [Ans:- T2 = 696 K, Q = 741.24 kJ and ΔH = 809.34 kJ] 2. A volume of 28 liters of gas at a temperature of 40°C and pressure of 200 kN/m3. It is heated at constant volume process till the temperature becomes 275°C. Find the (i) mass of the gas (ii) final pressure and (iii) change in enthalpy. Assume Cp = 1.005 kJ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Unit V: Gas Mixtures and Thermodynamic Relations - 2 Mark Questions and Answers
1. What is a real gas? Give example. The gas which does not obey the law of equation of state is known as real gas. All practical gases are real gas. 2. What is known as equation of state and when it can be used for engineering calculations? The relationship which exists for the state variables of the system in equilibrium is called equation of state. The equation of state for ideal is given by pV = mRT where p = Pressure of gas, Pa V = Volume of gas, m3 m = Mass of gas, kg R = Gas constant, kJ/kgK T = Temperature, K. (i) The equations of state are used in process enginee... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Unit IV: Properties of Pure Substances - 2 Mark Questions and Answers
1. What is a pure substance? Give examples. Pure substance is a substance which has a fixed chemical composition throughout its mass. Examples: Water, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and helium. A pure substance does not have to be of a single chemical element or compound. A mixture of various chemical elements or compounds is also called pure substance as long as the mixture is homogeneous. 2. What is saturation temperature and saturation pressure? At a given pressure, the temperature at which a liquid boils is called saturation temperature. At the given temperature, the pressure at wh... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Unit III: Availability and Applications of II Law - 2 Mark Questions and Answers
1. What is the principle of increase of entropy? For any infinitesimal process undergone by a system, the change in entropy is given by dS > dQ/T For reversible, dQ = 0, hence, dS = 0 For irreversible, dS > 0 So, the entropy of an isolated system would never decrease. It will always increase and remain constant if the process is reversible called principle increase of entropy. 2. When a system is adiabatic, what can be said about the entropy change of the substance in the system? Entropy change of the substance in the system is zero when a system is adiabatic. 3. Define exe... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Unit II: Second Law and Entropy - 2 Mark Questions and Answers
1. What is mean by cyclic heat engine? A heat engine is a device which is used to convert the thermal energy into mechanical energy. 2. What is a thermal energy reservoir? Explain the term 'source' and 'sink'. Thermal energy reservoir: The part which supplies or receives the heat continuously without change in its To temperature is called reservoir. Source: The part which supplies the heat to work absorbing or work developing device is called source. Sink: The part which receives the heat from work absorbing or working developing device is called sink. 3. What is a reversed ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Unit I: Basics, Zeroth and First Law - 2 Mark Questions and Answers
1. Define the term thermal engineering. Thermal engineering is the science that deals with the energy transfer to practical applications such as energy transfer power generation, refrigeration, gas compression and its effect on the properties of working substance. 2. What is the difference between the classical and the statistical approaches to thermodynamics? The properties of matter such as pressure, velocity, position and energy of the individual molecule at a given instant or at a particular time are studied. This approach is known as statistical thermodynamics. Instead of... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Untitled
தினம் ஒரு மூலிகை* *முசுமுசுக்கை.* தாவரவியல் பெயர் Mukia Madarspatana. சித்தர்கள் இதனை இரு குரங்கின் கை என அழைப்பார்கள் பித்தம் அதிகமானால் இம்மூலிகையை பறித்து லேசாக இடித்து ரசத்தில் போட்டு கொதிக்க வைத்து சாப்பிட குணமாகும் தலைசுற்றல் இம்மூலிகையை பறித்து இடித்து காடியில் புளித்த நீர் வதக்கி தலையில் வைத்து கட்டி நித்திரை செய்ய நோய்கள் தீரும் இதன் இலை காசம் கோழை சுவாசம் நெஞ்சில் புகை கம்மல் ஜலதோஷம் ஆகியவை நீக்கும் முசுமுசுக்கை வேறினால் துர்காந்தத்துடன் குறுகிய கோழை சாதாரண விஷம் சக ரோகம் மார்பு நோய் பக்கவாதம் இவைகள் போகும் பித்தம் தனியும் மூளை பலம் பெறும் இந்த மூலிகையில் சுண்ணாம்பு ச... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Impact of Jet
For the transmission of power through pipes, nozzles are fitted on the pipes so that water comes out as jet. PUMPS IMPACT OF JET: 1. Introduction For the transmission of power through pipes, nozzles are fitted on the pipes so that water comes out as jet. If a plate is placed in the path of the jet, a force is exerted by the jet on the plate. The plate may be straight or curved and moving or stationary. The jet strikes the plate in a normal direction or at an angle of inclination. The plates may be fitted on a wheel. The plate can be stationary but hinged at top and so it may rot... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Euler's Equation
Flow is under steady state i.e, mass flow rate of fluid at any point on the rotor is constant. EULER'S EQUATION Consider a rotor rotating at an angular speed of w rad/s as shown in figure. 4.13. Consider two points 1 and 2 on the rotor at radii r1 and r2. Assume that the fluid enters at point 1 and leaves at point 2. Assumptions: 1. Flow is under steady state i.e, mass flow rate of fluid at any point on the rotor is constant. 2. The state of the fluid at any given point is constant i.e, the rate of heat and work transfer by the fluid passing on-the rotor is constant. 3. The... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Pumps
The Pump is used to import energy to a fluid in a fluid system. It is run by using an external source such as electric motor. PUMPS 1. Introduction The Pump is used to import energy to a fluid in a fluid system. It is run by using an external source such as electric motor. So that it can import pressure energy of kinetic energy or both energies to the fluid. In a pump the fluid flow takes place from the low pressure side to the high pressure side of the pump. By rotating the pump impeller by external source the fluid flow is accelerated to enable it to move from low pressure side... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Theory of Turbo Machines
A Roto dynamic is a device either for converting the energy held by a fluid into mechanical energy or vice versa. THEORY OF TURBO MACHINES A Roto dynamic is a device either for converting the energy held by a fluid into mechanical energy or vice versa. Fluid machines such as turbines centrifugal pumps. Compressors, fans, hydraulic couplings, and torque converters fall under the category of roto dynamic machines. Roto dynamic machines are called turbo machines and have a rotating element which plays an important role in causing the energy transfer between the fluid and rotating e... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Rotary Pump
Rotary pumps are those pumps where pumping action of pump displaces a costant amount of fluid per revolution of pump shaft. ROTARY PUMP (1) Rotary pumps are those pumps where pumping action of pump displaces a costant amount of fluid per revolution of pump shaft. (2) Rotary pumps are positve displacement pumps. They are clasified as follows. 1. Gear pump (External) Figure 4.54 shows a typical external gear pump in two gears meshes externally to provide the pump action. It consist of two identical gear one is drive gear and another one is a driven gear and these are enclosed ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Reciprocating Pumps
The reciprocating pump is a positive displacement pump. It has a piston that executes reciprocating motion in a closely fitting cylinder. RECIPROCATING PUMPS The reciprocating pump is a positive displacement pump. It has a piston that executes reciprocating motion in a closely fitting cylinder. The liquid is drawn in and raised by the actual displacement of the piston inside the cylinder. The amount of liquid pumped out is equal to the volume displaced by the piston. The reciprocating pumps with disk piston can developed pressure upto 25 bar while the reciprocating pumps with pis... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Centrifugal Pump
A centrifugal pump is a rotodynamic pump which has a rotating element called an 'impeller' As the liquid passes through the impeller, it angular momentum change due to which the pressure energy of liquid is converted into potential energy, as the liquid is lifted from a lower level to a higher level. CENTRIFUGAL PUMP A centrifugal pump is a rotodynamic pump which has a rotating element called an 'impeller' As the liquid passes through the impeller, it angular momentum change due to which the pressure energy of liquid is converted into potential energy, as the liquid is lifted fr... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Types of Draft Tubes
A Draft tube is a pipe of gradually increasing diameter which connects the exit of runner of a turbine to the tail race. DRAFT TUBE A Draft tube is a pipe of gradually increasing diameter which connects the exit of runner of a turbine to the tail race. Therefore, it discharges the water from the runner to tail race. In case of pelton wheel the available head is converted in to kinetic energy before entry to runner buckets and the turbine operate under atmospheric pressure conductions. The velocity of water leaving at turbine exit small therefore the exit of runner is kept above ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Pelton Wheel - Impulse Turbine
Lester A pelton of California (USA) designed a impulse turbine which is known as pelton turbine (or) wheel. The pelton turbine is the most commonly used type of impulse turbine. This turbine is also called free jet or constant pressure (or) tangential flow impulse turbine 1. Characteristics of pelton wheel turbine ✓ It is a impulse turbine. ✓ Only kinetic energy of water is available at inlet of turbine. ✓ It is working of high head and low discharge. ✓ Work is done only due to change in kinetic energy of water. ✓ Working pressure is equal and constant at atmospheric pressure. ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Propeller and Kaplan Turbines - Axial flow Reaction Turbines
The propeller and kaplan are propeller shaped axial flow reaction turbines in which the water flows parallel to the axis of the shafts. AXIAL FLOW REACTION TURBINES - PROPELLER AND KAPLAN TURBINES The propeller and kaplan are propeller shaped axial flow reaction turbines in which the water flows parallel to the axis of the shafts. These turbines were developed to meet the requirement of using available large quantity of water at low heads (up to 80m) In the year 1980, prof v. kaplan developed a propeller turbine having fixed runner blades of aerofoil section fixed to the hub of ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Francis Turbine - Inward flow Reaction Turbine
Francis turbine is an inward flow reaction turbine which was designed and developed by an American engineer, James B. Francis in 1849. FRANCIS TURBINE Francis turbine is an inward flow reaction turbine which was designed and developed by an American engineer, James B. Francis in 1849. In the earlier stages of its development, francis turbine was purely radial flow turbine. In the radial flow turbine, the inlet and outlet velocities of flow of water remains the same in the plane perpendicular to the axis of the runner. The modern version of Francis turbine is mixed flow turbine in... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Governing of Turbines
The governing of a turbines is defined as the operation by which the speed of the turbine is kept constant under all conditions of working. It is done automatically by means of a governor, which regulates the rate of flow through the turbines according to the changing load condition on the turbine. Governing of a turbine is necessary as a turbine is directly coupled to an electric generator, which is required to run at constant speed under all fluctuating load conditions. The frequency of power generation by generator of constant number of pair of poles under all varying condition... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Rayleigh's Ritz Method
This method was proposed by Rayleigh in the year 1899 in order to determine the effect of temperature on the viscosity of a gas. In this method, the fundamental relationship of some variables are expressed in the form of an exponential equation, which must be dimensionally homogeneous. In this method, the expression is determined for a variable depending upon maximum three (or) four variables only. If the number of independent variables, becomes more than four, it is very difficult to find the expression for the dependant variables. 1. Steps Involved in Rayleigh's Ritz Method. S... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Losses in Fluid Flowing Pipes
1. Introduction When a fluid flowing through a pipe certain resistance is offered to the flowing fluid, it results in causing a loss of some energy (head) is called losses in pipes. When fluid flows through a pipe line, it encounter resistance due to viscosity of the fluid, the roughness existing in the interior surface of the pipe line and resistance offered by various pipes fittings. Turbulence is produced in fluid flow due to resistance causing loss of energy and pressure head. 2. Different types of Loss of Head in Fluid Flow Through Pipe Line The loss of head in pipe line c... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Fluid Flow through Pipes in series and parallel
1. Pipes in Series (or) Compound Pipe In piping systems, when the pipes of different lengths and diameter are connected end to end is called pipes in series (or) compound pipes. Let as the pipes in series as shown in figure 2.30. Where, L1 L2, L3 - Length of pipes 1,2, & 3 respectively d1, d2, d3 - diameter of pipes 1, 2, & 3 respectively V1 V2 & V3 - Velocity of flow through pipes 1,2,& 3 respectively. f1 f2 & f3 - Co-efficient of friction for pipes 1,2 & 3 respectively The rate of flow through the entire system remains constant, regardless of the diameter of the individual ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Important Questions - Unit V : Pumps
1) Explain with a neat sketch the working of a single acting reciprocating pump. Also obtain the expression for weight of water delivered by the pump per second. 2) Explain the working principle with the main parts of centrifugal pump. 3) Explain the working principle of a reciprocating pump with a neat sketch. 4) Explain about the performance characteristics of centrifugal pumps. 5) Discuss the working of lobe and vane pumps. 6) With a neat sketch explain the construction & working of a centrifugal pump. 7) Discuss on the cascade theory. 8) Explain the various types of... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Important Questions - Unit IV: Turbines
1. Explain the general layout of hydro-electric plant with the help of a neat sketch and also explain the terms gross head and net head. 2. How are hydraulic turbines classified? 3. Give the comparison between impulse and reaction turbines. 4. What is a pelton wheel? Explain its construction and working with a neat sketch. 5. Draw the inlet and outlet velocity diagram for a pelton wheel. Obtain an expression for work done and hydraulic efficiency and also derive the expression for maximum hydraulic efficiency 6. What is the basis of selection of turbine at a particular applica... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Important Questions - Unit III: Dimensional Analysis and Model Studies
1) What are the methods of dimensional analysis? Describe the Rayleigh's method for dimensional analysis 2) Describe the Bucking ham's л theorem for dimensional analysis. 3) What do you mean by repeating variables? How are the repeating variables selected for dimensional analysis. 4) Define the following non-dimensional numbers. (i) Reynold's number (ii) Froude's number (iii) Mach's number. What are their significances for fluid flow problem. 5) Explain the different types of similarities. 6) Give a note the term scale ratio. 7) What are the different similarities which shou... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Important Questions - Unit II: Flow through Pipes and Boundary Layer
1) Explain the experiment setup to study different types of flow. 2) Derive an expression for drop of pressure for a given length of pipe when fluid is flowing through a pipe (or) Derive Hagen - Poiseuille formula. 3) Explain the existence of laminar sub layer in the boundary layer theory. 4) Derive an expression for head loss for the laminar flow through a pipe line. 5) Derive an expression for average velocity for a flow through pipe. Find the ratio of maximum velocity to average velocity. 6) Derive an expression for co-efficient of friction in viscous flow in terms of Reyn... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Important Questions - Unit I: Fluid Properties and Flow Characteristics
1. Define the following fluid properties (a) Density (b) Weight density (c) Specific volume (d) Specific gravity 2. Define and distinguish between the following set of fluid properties (i) Cohesion and Adhesion (ii) Surface Tension and Capillarity (iii) Dynamic Viscosity and Kinematic Viscosity 3. What is meant by viscosity of fluid, how does it manifest, and in what units it is measured? Does the viscosity of liquids and gases increase or decrease with temperature growth? Suggest reasons for the difference in behavour, if any. 4. Enunciate Newton's law of viscosity. Ex... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Problems for Practice - Unit V : Pumps
1. The diameters of an impeller of a certrifugal pump at inlet and outlet are 20cm & 40cm respectively. Determine the minimum speed for starting the pump if it works against a head of 25m. Answer: 1221.2 rpm 2. Find the power required to drive a centrifugal pump which delivers 0.02m3/s of water to a height of 30m through a 10cm diameter pipe and 90m long. The overall efficiency of the pump is 70% and f= 0.009 in the formula Answer: 11.5 kw 3. The diameter of an impeller of a centrifugal pump at inlet and outlet are 300 mm and 600mm respectively. The velocity of flow at outlet i... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Problems for Practice - Unit IV: Turbines
1. Design a pelton wheel for following data: Power p = 12000 kw Head H = 400m Speed N = 700 rpm ηo = 85% Jet ratio = 6 Speed ratio = 0.45 Cv = 0.98 Find wheel diameter, number of jets, diameter of each jet. Answer: D = 1.1m no. of. jets = 4, d = 12cm 2. Pelton wheel works under a head of 400m. It is supplied with water by penstock of dia 1m and length 5km, and its friction factor 0.032. Jet of 15cm dia. Strikes the buckets and gets deflected through 165°, If Vr2 = 0.85, Vr1 = speed ratio 0.45 and ηm = 0.85, find: 1) Power developed by runner 2) Shaft power 3) ηh and η... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Problems for Practice - Unit III: Dimensional Analysis and Model Studies
1) Show that the resistance R to the motion of a sphere of diameter (D) moving with the uniform velocity (V) through a real fluid of density (ρ) dynamic viscosity (μ) is given by 2) Determine the dimensions of (i) Force (ii) Viscosity (iii) Power (iv) kinetic viscosity Answer: MLT-2, ML-1T-1, ML2 T-3, L2T-1 3) The variables controlling the motion of a floating vessel through water are the drag force F, speed V, length L, density ρ and dynamic viscosity μ of water and acceleration due to gravity g. Derive expression for F by dimensional analysis 4) Frictional Torque T o... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Problems for Practice - Unit II: Flow through Pipes and Boundary Layer
1) An oil of viscosity 0.2 pas flows between two stationary parallel plates which are kept at a distance of 10 mm apart. The plates are 1 m wide and the centre line flow velocity is stated to be 2.5 m/s. Determine the average flow velocity, flow rate of oil, pressure gradient and the wall shear stress. Answer: (i) 1.67 m/s, (ii) 0.0167 m3 / s, (iii) 4000 N/m2 per meter, (iv) 20 N/m2 2) There is horizontal crack 5 cm wide and 3 mm deep in a wall of thickness 15 cm. Water leaks through the crack. Find the difference of pressure between the two- ends of the crack if the rate of le... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Problems for Practice - Unit I: Fluid Properties and Flow Characteristics
1. 3 litre petrol weighs 2/N. Calculate (i) specific weight (ii) Density (iii) Specific volume (iv) Specific gravity Answer: (i) 7 × 103 N/m3 (ii) 713.6Kg/m3 (iii) 1.4 × 10-3 m3/kg (iv) 0.7136 2. 4 m3 of a certain oil weight 31 KN. Calculate its specific weights, mass density, specific volume and specific gravity with respect to water. If the kinematic viscosity of the oil is 7.5 × 10-3 stoke, what would be its dynamic viscosity in centipoise. stoke, What would be its dynamic viscosity in centipoise. Answer: (i) 7.75 kN/m3 (ii) 790 kg/m3 (iii) 1.265 × 10-3 m3/kg ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Unit V : Pumps - Previous Year Anna University Solved Problems
Problem: 1 A centrifugal pump has an impeller 500mm in diameter at outlet and running at 400 rpm. The discharge of the inlet is enters radial. The velocity of flow at outlet is 1 m/s the vanes are curved backwards at outlet is 30o to the wheel tangent. If discharge of the pump is 0.14 m3/s. Calculate the impeller power and the torque on the shaft. This problem is same as Example No.20 and page No: 4.92. Ans: Torque (T) = 305.8965 N.m Power (P) = 12.8133 × 103w Problem: 2 The dimensionless specific speed of a centrifugal pump is 0.06. Static head is 32 m. Flow rate is 50 l/s... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Unit IV: Turbines - Previous Year Anna University Solved Problems
Problem - 1 A pelton wheel has to be designed for the following data, HP to be developed = 8500 Net head available = 280 m RPM = 650 Ratio of jet diameter to wheel diameter = 1/9 Mechanical efficiency = 88% Find the number of jets, diameter of jet, diameter of wheel and quantity of water required. This problem is similar to Example No -5 in Page No: 5.66 Assume Cv = 0.985 Ku = 0.45 Ans: Diameter of wheel (D) = 0.979m. (1HP = 746 w) Diameter of jet (d) = 0.109m Number of jet = 4 Quantity of water required (Q) = 2.586m3/s Problem - 2 A Francis turbine working under a head o... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Unit III: Dimensional Analysis and Model Studies - Previous Year Anna University Solved Problems
Problem - 1 The pressure different AP in a pipe of diameter (D) and length (1) due to viscous flow depends on the velocity (V) viscosity (μ) and density (ρ). Using Buckingham's π- theorem obtain an expression for ΔP. Given data: Pressure difference ΔP depends on the Diameter (D) Length (l) Velocity (V) Viscosity (μ) Density (ρ) To find: Expressing the functional equation for ΔP. Solution: Pressure difference (ΔP) = ML-1T-2 Diameter (D) = L Length (l) = L Velocity (V) = LT-1 Viscosity (μ) = ML-1T-1 Density (ρ) = ML-3 Step - 1 Write the functional equation ΔΡ = f (D, l,... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
CE3391 Fluid Mechanics And Machinery - Syllabus (Regulation 2021)
CE3391 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY LPTC 3104 COURSE OBJECTIVES: • To introduce the students a b o u t properties of the fluids, behaviour of fluids under static conditions. • To impart basic knowledge of the dynamics of fluids and boundary layer concept. • To expose to the applications of the conservation laws to a) flow measurements b) flow through pipes (both laminar and turbulent) and c) forces on pipe bends. • To exposure to the significance of boundary layer theory and its thicknesses. • To expose the students to basic principles of working of hydraulic machineries and... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Unit II: Flow through Pipes and Boundary Layer - Previous Year Anna University Solved Problems
Problem - 1 A crude oil of viscosity 0.9 poise and relative density 0.9 is flowing through a horizontal circular pipe of diameter 120 mm and length 12 m. Calculate the difference of pressure at the two ends of the pipe. If 785 N of the oil is collected in a tank in 25 seconds. Given data: Viscosity (μ) = 0.9 poise 0.09 N - s/m2 Relative density (or) specific gravity (S) = 0.9 Pipe diameter (D) = 120mm == 0.12m Length of pipe (L) = 12m Weight of oil (w) = 785 N Time to collect oil in the tank (t) = 25 sec To find: Calculate the difference in pressure (p1 - p2) Solution: (i... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Unit-I Fluid Properties and Flow Characteristics -Previous Year Anna University Solved Problems
Problem - 1 An oil film of thickness 10 mm is used for lubrication between the two square parallel plates of size 0.9mx 0.9m each, in which the upper plate moves at 2 m/s required a force of 100 N to maintain this speed. Determine (i) Dynamic viscosity of the oil (ii) Kinematic viscosity of oil, if the specific gravity of the oil is 0.95. Given data: Oil film thickness (y) = 10mm = 0.01m Size of plate = 0.9m × 0.9m Velocity of moving plate (μ) = 2m/s Specific gravity of oil (S) = 0.95 Required force on moving plate (F) = 100 N To find: (i) Dynamic viscosity of oil (μ) (i... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Diffusion Welding
1. DIFFUSION WELDING Diffusion welding is a solid state joining process in which the strength of the joint results primarily from diffusion. Diffusion means movement of molecules or atoms from high concentration region to low concentration region. In this welding process both the welding plates are placed one over other in high pressure and temperature for a long period of time. This high pressure force starts diffusion between interface surfaces. This diffusion can be accelerated by the application of high temperature. This temperature does not melt the welding plates. The tem... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Adhesive Bonding
Adhesive Bonding is the process of joining two surfaces together, usually with the creation of a smooth bond. This may involve the use of glue, epoxy, or one of a wide range plastic agents which bond either through the evaporation of a solvent or through curing via heat, time, or pressure. Bonding with adhesives is a very popular method of joining whose history dates back to 3000 years. It finds the application in assembly technologies very rapidly and extensively used in some of labeling, packing, book binding and foot wear. Its usefulness came into light during World War II whe... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Nondestructive testing of weldment
Non-destructive testing (NDT) is the examination of an object or material with technology that does not affect its future usefulness. It is an approach to test the weld that involves in evaluating the weld without causing physical damage. A variety of non-destructive testing methods have been developed to evaluate materials, components and welded joints. The following five basic methods are commonly used to examine finished welds. ● Visual Inspection (VT) ● Dye-penetrant inspection or Liquid penetration inspection (LPI). ● Magnetic particle inspection (MPI) ● Radiographic inspe... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Defects in Welding
A welding defect is any flaw that compromises the usefulness of a weldment. The improper welding parameters, base metal and selection of method introduce defects in the weldment. So, the defective weld causes failure in service conditions and damages to the properties. The defects in weld depend on thickness, load, environment and size of the weld. The major defects in the weld are as follows: 1. Lack of fusion 2. Lack of root penetration 3. Cracks 4. Cavity 5. Porosity 6. Undercut 7. Distortion 8. Slag inclusion 9. Lamellar tearing 10. Overlapping 11. Imperfect shape or ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Soldering
The process of joining of two dissimilar metals by means of filler metal called solder is known as soldering whose melting temperature is below 450°C. Soft soldering being a low temperature (300°C) process does not bring the distortion. The soldering joints are weaker. when compared to brazed joints. The soldered joint is generally considered to be a metallurgical bond between solder filler metal and base metals being joined. Some solder joints do not have a metallurgical bond but they are held to gather by adhesion properties of the interface. The solder alloy is applied as a li... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Brazing
It is defined "joining of two metal pieces by using a filter metal whose liquid temperature is above 450 °C.” The filler metal is drawn into the joint by capillary action. In brazing, the base metal of the workpieces to be joined is not melted but filler makes the joint in metal. This filler metal in the form liquid is adhered to the base metal and the joint is made between two workpieces. For achieving the higher mechanical strength of the joint, the base metal should be cleaned and wetted before joining. The fluxes are added to remove the oxides present in the filler metal, the... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Welding Positions
There are four basic welding positions as shown in Figure 2.35. These positions are used for welder certification. Welder's certification is based on a number of factors which include the welding joint type and the position in which the test weld was performed. There are four basic positions that a weld can be made as follows: 1. Flat position 2. Horizontal position 3. Vertical position 4. Overhead position. Fillet or groove welds can be made in all of these positions. (a) Flat position In a flat position, a weld is performed along largely a horizontal access and from above ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Ultrasonic Welding
Ultrasonic welding is a solid-state welding process in which two workpieces are bonded as a result of a pressure exerted to welded parts combined with the application of high frequency acoustic vibration. It uses the principle of converting high frequency electrical energy into high frequency mechanical energy. This mechanical energy is a vertical motion excess of 15000 cycles/second. Ultrasonic vibration causes friction between parts which results in a closer contact between two surfaces with simultaneous local heating of the contact area. Interatomic bonds formed under these co... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Friction Stir Welding
Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is a solid state welding process in which a rotating tool is fed along the joint line between two workpieces. It is used to join two facing surfaces. During welding, heat is generated due to friction and the metal is mechanically stirred to form the weld seam. FSW differs from normal friction welding in such a way by generating friction heat by a separate wear-resistant tool instead of the parts between them. In friction stir welding process, the rotating tool consists of a cylindrical shoulder and a smaller probe or pin projecting beneath it as shown ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Friction Welding
Principle: Friction welding is a solid state welding process in which coalescence is achieved by frictional heat combined with pressure as shown in Figure 2.30. The heat is obtained through mechanical friction between rubbing surfaces of workpieces in relative motion to one another. Working: Initially, the components to be welded are held in chucks or clamps. One part is rotated at high speed (1500 to 3000 rpm) using a rotating chuck and other part is held stationary using a stationary chuck as shown in Figure 2.31. During welding, the stationary chuck is moved and contacted w... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Laser Beam Welding (LBM)
The word laser stands for Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation (LASER). It is a strong coherent monochromatic beam of light which can be highly concentrated with a very small beam divergence. The focused laser beam has the highest energy concentration of any known source of energy. The laser beam is a source of electromagnetic energy or light that can be projected without diverging and it can be concentrated to a precise spot. The coherent light emitted by the laser can be focused and reflected in the same way as a light beam. The focused spot size is contr... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Electron Beam Welding (EBM)
Electron Beam Welding (EBW) is a fusion welding process in which a beam of high- velocity electrons is used for producing high temperature and melting the workpiece to be welded. The electrons strike the workpiece and their kinetic energy is converted into thermal energy by releasing heat. This heat is used to heat the metal so that the edges of workpiece are fused and joined together forming a weld. 1. Working Principle If a filament of tungsten or tantalum is heated to high temperature in a vacuum either directly by means of an electric current or indirectly by means of an adj... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Thermit Welding
Thermit welding is a fusion welding process. In this process, neither, arc is produced to heat parts nor flames are used. For getting high temperature, the exothermic reaction between components of the Thermit is used. Thermit or alumino-thermic is the name given to a mixture of finely divided metal oxide and aluminum powder. To obtain exothermic reaction, the commonly utilizing composition is iron oxide red powder (Fe3O4) with aluminium powder (Al). The molten metal produced by the reaction acts as a filler material and joins the workpieces after solidification. Quality of weldi... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Plasma Arc Welding
Conventional methods are not suitable for machining metals such as cast alloy, Waspaloy and carbides having promising applications in various industries. Also, machining these materials using conventional methods causes the increased machining cost. So, these types of materials in special welding methods are preferred. Principle: Plasma is high temperature ionized gas. A plasma is the gas region in which there is practically no resultant charge, i.e., where positive ions and electrons are equal in number. The region is an electrical conductor and it is affected by electric and ma... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Resistance Welding
Resistance welding process is a pressure welding process in which heavy current is passed for short time through the area of interface of metals to be joined with the application of pressure. In other way, it may be defined as "Resistance welding is a thermo-electric process in which heat is generated at the interface of the parts to be joined by passing an electrical current through the parts for a precisely controlled time and under a pressure”. The various types of resistance welding are as follows: (a) Spot welding (b) Seam welding (c) Projection welding (d) Resistance but... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Electro Slag Welding (ESW)
Electro Slag Welding (ESW) is a highly productive and single pass welding process for thick materials in a vertical or close to vertical position. Principle: Electroslag welding is a welding process in which the heat is generated by an electric current passing between consumable electrode (filler metal) and workpiethrough a molten slag covering the weld surface. In this process, the coalescence is formed by molten slag and the molten metal pool remains shielded by molten slag. Working: In this welding process, prior to welding the gap between two workpieces is filled with a weldi... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)
Flux is mainly used to avoid the oxidation reaction with oxygen present in the atmosphere. If the flux is used along with filler material in the form of coated electrodes, the oxidation reaction may not be completely prevented. In order to avoid the oxidation reaction completely, enough quantity of flux should be supplied with a separate control independently with filler material. Submerged arc welding is also called sub arc welding or hidden arc welding. In this welding, the complete welding setup is dipped in the flux powder and hence, it is named as submerged arc welding. In t... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW)
Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) is also called Metal Inert Gas (MIG) welding. In this arc welding, the electric arc is produced between a consumable metal wire electrode and the workpiece. During welding, the arc and welding zone are surrounded by an inert gas as shown in Figure 2.13. Argon, helium, CO2, argon-Oxygen or other gas mixtures are used as the inert gas. The surrounded inert gas protects the weld from atmosphere. A consumable electrode wire having chemical composition similar to the parent material is continuously fed from a reel to the arc zone through feed unit. The arc... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW)
Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) is also called Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding. In TIG welding, the electric arc is produced between a non-consumable tungsten electrode and the workpiece as shown in Figure 2.11. There is an electrode holder in which the non- consumable tungsten electrode is fixed to produce the arc. While supplying the electric power between electrode and workpiece, the inert gas from the cylinder is passed through the nozzle of the welding head around the electrode. The inert gas (Argon, Helium, Nitrogen and CO2) surrounds the arc and it protects the weld from ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Manual metal arc welding or shielded metal arc welding
Manual Metal Arc Welding (MMAW) or Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) or Stick welding is the most commonly used type of arc welding process. 50% of all industrial welding and maintenance welding are currently performed by this process. In this process, metals are melted and joined by heating them with an arc between a consumable coated metal electrode and the workpiece. The stick electrode consists of core metal wire with an outer coating called flux. The flux assists in creating and stabilizing the arc and it provides the shielding gas which prevents the reaction of the molten me... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Gas Welding
Gas welding is one type of welding processes in which the edges of the metals to be welded are melted by using a gas flame. No pressure is applied during welding except prussure gas welding. The flame is produced at the tip of a welding torch. The welding heat is obtained by burning a mixture of oxygen and combustible gas. The gases are mixed at the required proportion in a welding torch which provides a control for the welding flame. The gases commonly employed for gas welding are acetylene, hydrogen, propane and butane. The flame only melts the metal. So, the additional metal r... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Classification of welding process based on filler metals
Based on the application of filler metals, the welding process can also be classified as follows: (a) Autogeneous: The process is one in which no filler metal is added to the joint interface. Example: Electric resistance welding. (b) Homogeneous: The process in which the filler metal is added and it is similar to parent metal. Examples: Arc welding, electron beam welding and diffusion welding. (c) Heterogeneous: The process in which the filler metal is used but it is of different type from the parent metai. Examples: Brazing and soldering. read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Classification of welding process based on method of welding
In general, various welding processes are classified as follows: 1. Gas welding: (a) Air-acetylene welding (b) Oxy-acetylene welding (c) Oxy-hydrogen welding. 2. Arc welding: (a) Carbon arc welding (b) Plasma arc welding (c) Shield metal arc welding (d) Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding (e) Metal Inert Gas (MIG) welding (f) Submerged arc welding (g) Electro-slag welding. 3. Resistance welding: (a) Spot welding (b) Seam welding (c) Projection welding (d) Resistance butt welding (e) Flash butt welding (f) Percussion welding. 4. Solid state welding: (a) Cold welding (b)... read more
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05 Deep truths of life
1. One day you will die and the rest of the world will move on with life without you. 2. Pain is unpredictable but suffering is by choice. 3. To be happy, you must first discover you have a problem. 4. Nobody knows a silent master. So, blow your trumpet in the right places, to the right people. 5. You can’t save the world. Be a light to the part of the world so bright that the rest of the world will choose to save their own part of the world. read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor7 hours ago
What are the health benefits of drinking hot water ?
Drinking water is essential for good health, and many people choose to drink it hot, either first thing in the morning or throughout the day. Drinking hot water has been linked to a number of health benefits. Here are some of the potential benefits of drinking hot water: 1. Aids Digestion: Drinking hot water can help to stimulate digestion, which can lead to better nutrient absorption and a healthier gut. It can also help to relieve constipation by softening stools and promoting bowel movements. 2. Boosts Metabolism: Drinking hot water can help to increase your metabolic rate, wh... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor7 hours ago
What life lesson did you learn the hard way?
- The "Tiny voice" in you always knows which way to go - Stop thinking too much, it's alright not to know the answers. They will come to you when you least expect it. - If it makes you happy it doesn't have to make sense to others - Experience is a cruel teacher. She gives the test first and the lesson afterward. - Be okay with people not liking you, most don't even like themselves. - Treat yourself like someone you love. No one will love you if you don't love yourself - You are a direct reflection of the people you spend the most time with - You spe... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor2 days ago
4 Deep Philosophy Quotes on Life & Mindset
1. 2. 3. 4. read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor2 days ago
What is the RPM of an aeroplane engine?
The RPM of an aeroplane engine is the number of revolutions per minute that the engine’s crankshaft or propeller makes. The RPM indicates the power and speed of the engine, with higher RPMs generally meaning more power. But, the RPM of an aeroplane engine depends on several factors, such as the type, size, and design of the engine, the altitude, temperature, and humidity of the air, and the throttle setting and load of the aircraft. There are different types of aeroplane engines, such as piston, turboprop, turbojet, turbofan, and turboshaft. Each type has its range of RPMs, depend... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor2 days ago
Wow Pictures
1. OMG 🙈🙉🙊 2. I'll catch ya 😎 3. Warning 4. You can't see me 5. Oh my heart 😂😂 6. Don't disturb me 😴 7. Hey wanna have fun?😎 8. Let me chill 😋 9. I'm a rider 😈 10. Yuuuu… huuuuu… 11. Oh by back 👴 12. Haaa… haa… haa…😂😂😂 13. 🤐🤐🤐 14. Lets go son 👣👣 15. Oh you still wanna play… 16. We'll be home soon son🙂🙂 17. Hey ladies😎 18. You know what happened that day…??? 19. I have 3 fingers 🐦 20. I think I heard something 🐿 21. Hey we're not thefting… 😅 22. Hey can you give some?? 🙄 23. Don't leave me… don't leave me… 24. Hey human 👋 25. Everybo... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor2 days ago
If you lack self confidence, read this:?
1. CONFRONT YOUR FEARS Face your fears head-on; failure is part of the journey to confidence. 2. DRESS SHARP Dressing sharp boosts confidence; it reflects in your demeanor and appearance. 3. GET PHYSICAL FIT Exercise boosts confidence by triggering a sense of accomplishment. 4. FOCUS ON GOOD BODY LANGUAGE Good posture and body language project confidence effectively. 5. OWN YOUR STRENGTHS Focus on your strengths to enhance self confidence and esteem. 6. DON'T TRY TO FIT IN Embrace uniqueness; confidence comes from being authentic, not fitting in. 7. IMAGINE YOURSELF AT YOU... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor2 days ago
What is the maximum voltage a human can withstand?
I am surprised at the low quality of answers given here! Sorry to say, nearly all of the answers display a tenuous grasp of electronics and electrical nature, and use the age-old adage “it’s not the voltage, but the current that kills.” So I’ll clear things up, and hopefully save some people from misunderstanding this any further. VOLTAGE, CURRENT, AND POWER Voltage is related to the electric force between two points. More specifically, it is the gradient of the electric field, which in turn is a description of electric force. It is a description of electric potential energy, the... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor2 days ago
What are some mind blowing facts that most people don't know?
- There is a species of jellyfish that never dies unless they are killed. - The first condom was made somewhere in the 16th century. - Russian was the first human language spoken in outer space. - Lifetime warranties really mean the company’s lifetime, not yours. - About 10 percent of the people in the world are lefties. - Australia has over 10,000 beaches. You could visit a new beach every day for over 27 years. - You have never technically watched a full movie because you are constantly blinking. - Sound cannot travel in space because there is no atmos... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor2 days ago
Here are the few tips to raise a mature Child
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor2 days ago
King of Speed: Cosworth's CA 2.4l V8 at 20,000 rpm
This article is an exclusive extract of "King of speed", an article written by Ian Bamsey and published in Race Engine Technology Issue 73. If you wish to read more, you can buy the issue at highpowermedia.com and put 'f1technical' as voucher code to benefit a 10% reduction on your purchase price. From 1906 through to 2006, Grand Prix engine speeds rose ever higher, from less than 2000 rpm to ultimately a mind-boggling 20,000 rpm. Then the rule-maker abruptly halted the march of progress with a 19,000 rpm rev limit for 2007, subsequently reduced to the current stifling 18,000 rpm – ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor2 days ago
Why does rain not affect jet engines?
In Jet engines air is compressed by fan blades and directed to the combustion chamber, where it is mixed with fuel and ignited. The hot exhaust gases then exit the engine and provide thrust. A jet engine can handle a large amount of water ingestion, as most of the water is spun out by the fan blades and flows through the bypass duct, which is the space between the engine core and the cowling. The bypass air does not enter the combustion chamber, but rather provides additional thrust and cooling for the engine core. Therefore, only a small fraction of the water actually reaches the... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor2 days ago
What voltage are electric car motors?
The voltage of electric car motors can vary depending on the specific design and application of the motor. However, most electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) use high-voltage electric motors, typically operating at voltages between 200 and 400 volts. The exact voltage of an electric car motor depends on several factors, including the power output of the motor, the desired speed and torque, and the battery voltage. In general, larger and more powerful electric car motors require higher voltages to operate efficiently. It's worth noting that the voltage of an ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 days ago
Is it worth to sharing?
Image credit: Successpictures. 20. 19. 18. 17. 16. 15. 14. 13. 12. 11. 10. 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. Hope it was worth to share. read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 days ago
Tubectomy,Vasectomy
Around an year ago, I heard my mom suggesting my cousin to ask her husband to undergo sterilization instead of her as it's easier for men but at the end my cousin underwent the surgery. Today, in our ece class, doctor told us about stigma related to these procedures and I realized that I have already seen all this. Let's see these procedures, Tubectomy procedure involves going inside the abdomen A few small incisions are made around the belly button. A laparoscope with camera is inserted through one of the cuts. It enables surgeon to see internal structures. The surgeon then cuts... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 days ago
Why has nobody ever tried to use the force of gravity to produce electricity?
You can’t be serious! How do you think hydropower stations, tidal generators and pump batteries work? In fact, Musk is the only kook who believes polluting & toxic batteries are the solution to power-storage, other smarter and environmentally conscience engineers prefer gravity-based systems. Then there are these also… Even some modern elevators in tall buildings can generate power on the way down. Lift Energy Storage System: Turning skyscrapers into gravity batteries… This is a 19th-century aerial ropeway that’s run entirely by gravity, it uses no power and moves 300 tonnes a ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 days ago
King Edward VII - Amazing facts that you have to read.
King Edward VII, who had a special chair made for... Well, for your free time.When Edward VII was still a young prince devoid of any responsibility for the crown, he travelled far from the British capital in search of leisure and pleasure. On one of his visits to Paris, he approached Le Chabanais, one of the best-known brothels in Paris. It was located relatively close to the Louvre Museum.Edward VII was assigned his own room whenever he frequented the brothel. The prince's main problem was his overweight. To overcome the physical impediment, the cabinetmaker Louis Soubrier made w... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 days ago
Infibulation - Surprised you today?
It is surprised to know about infibulation. You may be wondering what is infibulation ? No need to worry. see below: It is the practice of removing the clitoris and labia of a girl or woman and sewing the edge of the vulva to prevent intercourse. This is complete shaving of the vagina and stitches to prevent the girl from having sex. The vagina is sealed, leaving a small hole through which the girl can menstruate or urinate. The girl's leg was bound with a rope for days to allow the wound to heal. The wound usually takes between 15 and 40 days to heal. During this time, the girl'... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 days ago
Why are monkeys’ rear ends swollen?
Forget flowers and chocolates. It's called sexual swelling. When some female primates want a male's attention, they broadcast their fertility with a swollen, bright red backside. This is with baboons, chimps, some Old World monkeys. It's nature's "available" sign, not subtle, but brutally effective. This swelling isn't about injury. It's hormones. A surge of estrogen kicks off the whole process. Blood rushes in, tissue gets engorged, the whole area puffs up dramatically. The bigger and brighter, the more attractive she is to the males. This isn't just about looks, though. Tha... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 days ago
9 Beautiful Reminders For Anyone
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 days ago
Klein bottle - Interesting mathematics facts?
We all love the Klein bottle, though not many of us know what they represent or how to describe them mathematically. Felix Klein was a German mathematician known mainly for his work in group theory ( study of algebraic structure known as groups), complex analysis ( investigates functions of complex numbers), and non-Euclidean geometry (otherwise known a hyperbolic geometry). He is best know for his conception of the Klein bottle. A Klein bottle is an object with no inside and no outside. A continuous shape where one can travel from the starting point along the surface of the obje... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 days ago
Why are diesel engines larger than petrol engines?
Diesel engines are often larger in size compared to petrol engines due to some fundamental differences in how they operate. One key factor is the higher compression ratio in diesel engines. This means that the air inside the engine's cylinders is compressed significantly before the fuel is injected. To withstand this high compression, diesel engines require sturdier components, which naturally result in a larger overall size. Moreover, diesel engines are built for durability and heavy-duty tasks. They are commonly used in trucks, industrial machinery, and generators. These applica... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 days ago
What are some useful Life Lessons?
SOME LIFE LESSONS 1. Don’t lend money to your family. Give it. 2. Never shake a hand while sitting down. 3. Stop telling people more than they need to know. 4. Never eat the last piece of something you didn't buy. 5. Don't throw your friend under the bus to impress someone. 6. Never insult the cooking when you are the guest. 7. Don't use the urinal next to an occupied one. 8. Don't take out your phone during a conversation. 9. Never take credit for work you didn't do. 10. Listen, nod, and most of all make eye contact. 11. Don't make fun of your friend in front of his kids. 12. N... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 days ago
MAN Diesel Engine, Germany 1909
This is a MAN diesel engine (Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nürnberg). From 1893 to 1897 MAN worked with Rudolf Diesel to develop his combustion cycle and build the first diesel engines. The MAN design was an inline, two-stroke engine that used double-acting cylinders. Each of the closed cylinders had a combustion chamber at its top and bottom. MAN began constructing this beast in 1909. It’s a 12,000 hp (8,948 kW), six-cylinder diesel engine. Six of these engines would be needed to produce the 70,000 hp (52,199 kW) required for the latest German battleships. read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 days ago
What is the difference between an engineer & a normal person?
Engineers differ greatly from the general populace due to their unique approach to problem-solving and innovation. While a normal person perceives things from a surface-level perspective, an engineer sees a myriad of systems, calculations, and potentials. A cracked pavement for a typical person might just be a mere nuisance; for an engineer, it’s a complex issue of material strength, wear and tear, and structural design. Their distinct analytical thinking pattern separates them from a normal person. Engineers use scientific and mathematical principles to devise solutions, inventi... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 days ago
How does power factor affect the electricity bill for a home?
This is a complex topic to explain. I will try to keep it simple. Certain loads connected to the AC supply are inductive in nature. Inductive loads react with AC (called inductive reactance) They oppose a change in current and since AC is always changing they cause the current to lag behind the voltage by some amount of electrical degrees. This is called inductive reactance. Loads like motors and gas discharge lamps like fluro’s, mercury vapour lamps and sodium vapour lamps are inductive due to the ballast or chokes used in the circuit. Between all these they form by far the great m... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 days ago
What are some fascinating lessons you should know?
1. Distance can really give you some clarity on how you feel about people. 2. When you choose peace, it comes with a lot of goodbyes. 3. Sometimes you have to play the role of a fool to fool the fool who thinks they’re fooling you. 4. The more you know, the closer you are to death. 5. Sometimes people are on journeys that we are not a part of. 6. High standards lead to fulfilling experiences. Instead of settling for average, meet high-caliber people. 7. A clear rejection is always better than a fake promise. 8. Remember, the best revenge is none. 9. ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 days ago
How do you identify snake bite by just seeking bitten marks?
Dry bites In at least 20% of pit viper bites and a greater percentage of elapid and sea snake bites, no venom is injected . Local features Fang marks: Generally, the presence of two puncture wounds indicates a bite by a poisonous snake. In the case of a non-venomous snakebite, small puncture wounds are seen arranged in an arc. Pain : Burning, bursting or throbbing pain may develop immediately after the bite and spread proximally up the bitten limb. Draining lymph nodes soon become painful. Krait and sea snake bites maybe virtually painless. Local swelling : Viper bites produce m... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 days ago
What are the disadvantages of an in-line four cylinder engine?
The inline four cylinder engine is one of the most common engine configurations utilized in various vehicles. Its simplicity and compactness have made it a popular choice among manufacturers. Here, we’ll understand into the advantages and disadvantages of this engine type, shedding light on its drawbacks that should be considered. Let's explore the downsides of the inline four cylinder engine in detail. Before we dive into the disadvantages, it's crucial to acknowledge the advantages that have contributed to the popularity of the inline four cylinder engine: 1. Compact Size: ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor4 days ago
My Blood Pressure is 150/100 is it Serious?
A blood pressure reading of 150/100 mmHg indicates that your blood pressure is elevated. Blood pressure is typically measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg), with the first number representing systolic pressure (pressure in the arteries when the heart beats) and the second number representing diastolic pressure (pressure in the arteries when the heart is at rest between beats). In general, a blood pressure reading of 150/100 mmHg falls within the stage 2 hypertension category according to the guidelines set by the American Heart Association (AHA). Here's a breakdown of the catego... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor4 days ago
Why aren’t ultra high voltage transmission lines insulated?
They are insulated, by 10 or 20 feet of air, and by glass insulators at every support point. They don’t use conventional PVC or thermoplastic insulation like low voltage wiring because - up in the air they are protected from accidental contact - thermoplastics will break down from UV exposure and have to be replaced periodically - a high maintenance cost. Air is free, no-maintenance, and lasts for ever - ultra HV will require hugely thick and costly insulation to insulate it. - insulation adds cost not only for the insulation but also because the wires beco... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor6 days ago
Transverse loading on beams
Beam is a structural member which is supported along the length and subjected to external forces or loads acting transversely i.e., perpendicular to the centre line. Chapter - 2 TRANSVERSE LOADING ON BEAMS AND STRESSES IN BEAM • Beams • Types of Supports • Types of Load • Shear Force and Bending Moment • Relationship between Shear Force and Bending Moment • Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams • Theory of Simple Bending • Load carrying Capacity • Flitched Beams • Shear Stresses in Beams • Solved Problems • Solved University Problems • Two Mark Questions and Answers 1.... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor6 days ago
Solved Problems On Cantilever Beams
solved problems on cantilever beams: Transverse Loading on Beams and Stresses in Beam - Strength of Materials SOLVED PROBLEMS ON CANTILEVER BEAMS Example 2.1: A cantilever beam of length 3m carries the point loads as shown in Fig. 2.9(a). Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams for the cantilever beam. Given: To draw: SFD and BMD Solution: SF calculation: We know that, SF is the sum of forces on either left or right side of the section. Here we are considering from right side. The force acting downward and hence it is positive. SF at D = + WD = + 500 N SF bet... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor6 days ago
University Solved Problems
university solved problems on cantilever beam: Transverse Loading on Beams and Stresses in Beam - Strength of Materials UNIVERSITY SOLVED PROBLEMS ON CANTILEVER BEAM Example 2.11: A cantilever 6m long carries load of 30, 70, 40 and 60 kN at distance of 0, 0.6, 1.5 and 2.4m respectively from the free end. Draw the SF and BM diagrams for the cantilever. Given: As shown in Fig.2.19(a). To draw: SFD and BMD Solution: SF calculation: SF at E = 30 kN SF at D = 30 + 70 = 100 kN SF at C = 100 + 40 = 140 KN SF at B = 140 + 60 = 200 kN SF at A = 200 KN Join all the values by st... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor6 days ago
Theory of simple bending
If a beam is bend only due to application of constant bending moment and not due to shear, then it is called simple bending or pure bending. THEORY OF SIMPLE BENDING 1. INTRODUCTION The following are the main objectives of the theory of simple bending. To determine, (i) The stresses developed to resist the bending moment (i.e., Bending stress) (ii) The stresses developed to resist the shear force (i.e., Shearress) If a beam is bend only due to application of constant bending moment and not due to shear, then it is called simple bending or pure bending. 2. ASSUMPTIONS IN SIMPLE ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor6 days ago
Shear Stresses in Beams
In the previous chapter theory of simple bending we assumed that no shear force is acting on the section. SHEAR STRESSES IN BEAMS In the previous chapter theory of simple bending we assumed that no shear force is acting on the section. But in actual practice, under the action of load, both the shear force and bending moment are induced. The effect of bending moment and how the cross section offers resistance has been studied in the theory of simple bending. Now let us consider the effect of shear force on the cross section of the beam. 1. SHEAR STRESS AT A SECTION Consider a bea... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor6 days ago
Review Questions
Review Questions: Transverse Loading on Beams and Stresses in Beam - Strength of Materials REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. What is beam? What are the types? Differentiate three types of beams. 2. Discuss the usual way of sign conventions for shear force and bending moment. 3. Show that the relationship between shear force and bending moment is dM/dx = -F. 4. Draw the SFD and BMD for a cantilever beam of length 'L' carrying a point load at its free end. Show all principle values of SF and BM on the diagram. 5. Draw the SFD and BMD for a cantilever beam of length 'L carrying UDL of w per m... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor6 days ago
Problems for Practice
Problems for Practice: Transverse Loading on Beams and Stresses in Beam - Strength of Materials PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE For cantilever beams 1. A cantilever beam of length 1.5m carries a point load of 3 kN at its free end and another load of 2 kN at a distance of 1m from the fixed end. Draw the SF and BM diagrams for the cantilever. 2. A cantilever beam of length 5m carries point loads of 3 kN, 4 kN and 6 kN at 0, 2 and 3.5m from the free end. Draw the SFD and BMD for the cantilever. 3. A cantilever of length 4m carries a UDL of 3 kN/m over the whole length. Draw the SFD and BMD.... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor6 days ago
Two Mark Questions & Answers
Two mark Questions and Answers: Transverse Loading on Beams and Stresses in Beam - Strength of Materials TWO MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 1. Define Beam. Beam is a structural member which is supported along the length and subjected to external loads acting transversely i.e., perpendicular to the centre line of the beam. Beam is sufficiently long as compared to the lateral dimensions. 2. What is meant by transverse loading on beams? If a load is acting on the beam which is perpendicular to the centre line of it, then it is called transverse loading. 3. How to classify the beams ac... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor6 days ago
Stress, Strain And Deformation Of Solids
"Strength of materials" is a subject which deals with the detailed study about the effect of external forces acts on materials and ability of material to resist deformation. Chapter 1: STRESS, STRAIN AND DEFORMATION OF SOLIDS • Rigid and deformable bodies • Strength, stiffness and stability • Hooke's law • Stresses - tensile, compressive and shear • Deformation of simple and compound bars under axial load • Temperature stresses • Elastic constants • Stress on inclined plane • Principal stresses and principal planes • Mohr's circle of stresses STRESS, STRAIN AND DEFORMATION ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor6 days ago
Principle of super position
Sometimes, a body is subjected to external axial forces not only at its ends, but also at some of its interior cross sections along the length of the body. *PRINCIPLE OF SUPER POSITION* Sometimes, a body is subjected to external axial forces not only at its ends, but also at some of its interior cross sections along the length of the body. In such case, the forces are split up, and their effects are considered on individual sections. The total deformation is equal to the algebraic sum of the deformation of the individual sections. This principle of finding out the resultant defo... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor6 days ago
Extension of uniformly tapering rod
Consider a bar of length L, tapering from diameter D2 to D1 and subjected to axial load P as shown in Fig.1.16. EXTENSION OF UNIFORMLY TAPERING ROD Consider a bar of length L, tapering from diameter D2 to D1 and subjected to axial load P as shown in Fig.1.16. We know that, We know that, Extension of the small elemental length dx = Strain × dx = e × dx For total extension, Substituting K value, Note: For uniformly tapering rectangular plate 24. SOLVED PROBLEMS Example 1.18: A steel rod circular in section, tapers from 3 cm diameter to 1.5 cm diameter in a length of ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor6 days ago
Unit I: Stress, Strain and Deformation of Solids-Anna University Solved Problems
Stress, Strain and Deformation of Solids - Strength of Materials: Anna University Solved Problems Stress, Strain and Deformation of Solids - Strength of Materials: University solved problems *UNIVERSITY SOLVED PROBLEMS* Example 1.44: Determine the change in length, breadth and thickness of a steel bar 4 m lồng, 30 mm wide and 20 mm thick, when subjected to an axial pull of 120 kN in the direction of its length. Take E = 200 GPa and Poisson's ratio = 0.3. Given: Length, L = 4 m = 4000 mm; Wide, b = 30 mm Thickness, t = 20 mm; Axial pull, P = 120 kN = 120 × 103 N Young's Modul... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor6 days ago
2 Mark Questions and Answers
Two mark Questions and Answers: Stress, Strain and Deformation of Solids - Strength of Materials TWO MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 1. Define stress. When an external force acts on a body, it undergoes deformation and at the same time the body resists deformation. The magnitude of the resisting force is numerically equal to the applied force. This internal resisting force per unit area is called stress. 2. Define strain. When a body is subjected to an external force, there is some change of dimension in the body. Numerically the strain is equal to the ratio of change in length to... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
BE3255 BASIC CIVIL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - SYLLABUS
*BE3255 BASIC CIVIL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING* *COURSE OBJECTIVES: * · To provide the students an illustration of the significance of the Civil and Mechanical Engineering Profession in satisfying the societal needs. · To help students acquire knowledge in the basics of surveying and the materials used for construction. · To provide an insight to the essentials of components of a building and the infrastructure facilities. · To explain the component of power plant units and detailed explanation to IC engines their working principles. ·To explain the Refrigeration & A... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
Batteries in Series or Parallel for Power Applications?
Batteries in series connection adds voltage. Batteries in series connection adds voltage. Batteries in parallel connection adds current capacity and Amp Hr capacity Combination series and parallel adds both voltage and current an Amp hr capacity to what ever is desired. Batteries should be the same type, age, state of charge, capacity in current and voltage for best results and longevity. read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
What if I eat 4 eggs daily?
Eggs are a breakfast classic and a versatile ingredient found in kitchens worldwide. While they're a rich source of protein and essential nutrients, the question arises: is it healthy to consume four eggs a day? Let's explore the nutritional aspects and considerations associated with including this egg-centric quantity in your daily diet. 1. Nutritional Breakdown: - Protein: Eggs are renowned for their high-quality protein content. Four eggs provide approximately 24 grams of protein, supporting muscle health and satiety. - Vitamins and Minerals: Eggs are a good source of essentia... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
How does an AC motor work?
An AC (alternating current) motor is a type of electric motor that operates on alternating current. AC motors are widely used in various applications, from industrial machinery to household appliances. They work by converting electrical energy into mechanical energy, thereby creating rotational motion. There are several types of AC motors, but one common type is the "synchronous" and "asynchronous" motors. Let's focus on the asynchronous motor, also known as the induction motor, which is the most commonly used type. Here's a simplified explanation of how an asynchronous AC motor ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
What is something electrical engineers know that others don't?
A fallen power transmission line is extremely dangerous Whenever we encounter a fallen power transmission line or live wire, there is a tendency to approach it. Some people mistakenly believe that it poses no harm as long as they don't touch the wire, but this assumption is incorrect. It is always better to maintain a distance of 8m to 10m from a fallen power line because even though you are not physically touching it, a fallen power line can still electrocute you. When a fault or accident occurs in a high-voltage system and if the overhead transmission line makes contact with the ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
Analysis of Stresses
In the previous chapter, we have studied about the direct tensile and compressive stress as well as simple shear stress and strain. ANALYSIS OF STRESSES 1. INTRODUCTION In the previous chapter, we have studied about the direct tensile and compressive stress as well as simple shear stress and strain. In many situations, machine components are subjected to two or more stresses on a given plane. In such situation, the resultant stress across any cross section will be neither normal or tangential to the plane. We shall analyse the nature and intensity of stresses on planes, other tha... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
University Solved Problems
Stress, Strain and Deformation of Solids - Strength of Materials: University solved problems UNIVERSITY SOLVED PROBLEMS Example 1.75: A rectangular block of material is subjected to a tensile stress of 110 N/mm 2 on one plane and a tensile of 47 N/mm2 on a plane at right angles to the former. Each of the above stresses is accompanies by a shear stress of 63 N/mm2. Determine the principal stresses, principal planes and the maximum shear stress. Given: σ1 = 110 N/mm2 σ2 = 47 N/mm2 q = 63 N/mm2 To find: Principal stresses, principal plane and maximum shear stress. Solution: ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
Review Questions
Review Questions, problems for practice: Stress, Strain and Deformation of Solids - Strength of Materials REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. Derive expressions for the normal and tangential stresses on any oblique plane in a bar subjected to tensile loading in the axial direction. 2. Derive expression for the normal and tangential stresses on any oblique plane in a material subjected to two tensile stresses acting mutually perpendicular to each other. 3. Derive expression for the normal and tangential stresses on any oblique plane in material subjected to pure shear. 4. A material subjected to... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
செய்தி துளிகள் - 26.03.2024(செவ்வாய்க்கிழமை)
🌅🌅இன்று முதல் 10ம் வகுப்பு அரசு பொது தேர்வு தொடங்குகிறது. 👉தேர்வு எழுதும் அனைத்து மாணவ, மாணவியர்களும் தேர்வில் அதிக மதிப்பெண் பெற்று வெற்றி பெற தமிழ்நாடு தொடக்கப்பள்ளி ஆசிரியர் மன்றத்தின் சார்பாக நெஞ்சார்ந்த வாழ்த்துக்களை தெரிவித்துள்ளார். 🌅🌅10-ம் வகுப்புப் பொதுத்தேர்வை எழுதவுள்ள எனதருமை மாணவச் செல்வங்களே... All the best.: முதல்வர் ஸ்டாலின் நீங்கள் பதற்றமின்றித் தேர்வை எதிர்கொள்ளத்தான் வினாத்தாளைப் படித்துப் பார்க்க முதலில் 10 நிமிடங்கள் வழங்கப்படுகிறது. அதை முழுமையாகப் பயன்படுத்திக் கொள்ளுங்கள். இதனை மற்றுமொரு தேர்வாகக் கருதி நம்பிக்கையோடு எழுதி வெற்றி பெறுங்கள். பெற்றோ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
Untitled
*இனிய காலை வணக்கம்* 👉🏻 தினம் ஒரு சிந்தனை:- அழகான நாள்கள் உங்களைத் தேடி வருவதில்லை. நீங்கள்தான் அவற்றை நோக்கி நகரவேண்டும். ☝🏻 செய்தி ஒரு பார்வை :- உச்ச நீதிமன்றம் ஆளுநருக்கோ, ஜனாதிபதிக்கோ உத்தரவிட முடியுமா?. உயர் நீதிமன்றம் அளித்த ஒரு தீர்ப்பை உச்ச நீதிமன்றம் நிறுத்தி வைப்பது, அல்லது தீர்ப்பை ரத்து செய்வது இரண்டும் ஒன்று தானா?. இரண்டு கேள்விக்கும் ஒரே விடை சரிதானா?. குற்றவாளி என்று தீர்ப்பிடப்பட்டு தண்டனை விதிக்கப்பட்ட ஒருவர் வயதையோ, நோயையோ காரணம் காட்டி தண்டனையை நிறுத்தி வைக்க கோரியதன் பேரில் உச்சநீதிமன்றம் தண்டனையை நிறுத்தி வைத்தால் அந்த நபர் குற்றவாளி இல்லை என்று பொர... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
Why is a diesel engine using a turbocharger instead of a supercharger?
The reason is quite simple: superchargers use or consume engine power while operating, and because diesel engines usually don't produce much power, installing superchargers is not popular, especially for diesel engines with a low load range or RPM. On the other hand, a turbocharger utilizes waste energy from exhaust gases to drive a turbine, which then powers a compressor to increase the intake air pressure. This process is driven by the engine's exhaust gases, resulting in improved fuel efficiency compared to a supercharger, which is typically driven mechanically by the engine vi... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
Why is Diesel–Electric engine more effective than direct diesel engine?
Why do converting mechanical power to electric power then convert electric power back to mechanical power is more effective than directly use mechanical power? They are most certainly not more efficient. Efficiency is not the reason that diesel-electric locomotives or monster mining trucks exist. The reason is that the electric motor can produce enormous torque at startup without needing a container-sized gearbox. The 2nd advantage is that power can be directly applied to all 10 or 12 locomotive wheels without needing any gearing or coupling rods. Note the lack of a gearbox and the... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
How do I convert a 230v AC to a 110V DC?
Converting 230V AC (Alternating Current) to 110V DC (Direct Current) involves a two-step process: transforming the voltage level and rectifying the current type. This conversion is commonly required for operating equipment that requires 110V DC and is essential in various electrical applications. The first step in the conversion process is to reduce the AC voltage from 230V to 110V. This is achieved using a step-down transformer, which adjusts the voltage through electromagnetic induction. The transformer's primary coil receives the 230V AC, and its design ensures that the seconda... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
Air-over-oil circuit
Fig.8.22 illustrates a typical air-over-oil circuit to make best use of advantages of both fluid mediums for counterbalancing application. AIR-OVER-OIL CIRCUIT 1. Circuit Fig.8.22 illustrates a typical air-over-oil circuit to make best use of advantages of both fluid mediums for counterbalancing application. This circuit uses an air-oil surge tank, a manually operated 3/3 DC valve, a FRL unit, a flow control valve, a pressure relief valve, and a cylinder. In the surge tank, oil is filled at the bottom and the air at the top. 2. Operation Extension: When the 3/3 DC valve is shifte... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
Hydrostatic Transmission System
Hydrostatic transmissions do not make use of the hydrodynamic forces of the fluid flow. HYDROSTATIC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM 1. What is Hydrostatic Transmission? • Hydrostatic transmission is special case of energy transmission system where the mechanical energy of the input drive shaft is converted into pressure energy in the nearly incompressible working fluid and then reconverted into mechanical energy at the output shaft. • Hydrostatic transmissions do not make use of the hydrodynamic forces of the fluid flow. There is no solid coupling of the input and output. The transmission i... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
Hydromechanical and Elecrohydraulic Servo system
Mechanical-type servo valves are generally employed in the less complex systems. HYDROMECHANICAL AND ELECROHYDRAULIC SERVO SYSTEM MECHANICAL HYDRAULIC SERVO SYSETM 1. Application of Hydromechanical Servo Valve (Hydromechanical Servo System) • Mechanical-type servo valves are generally employed in the less complex systems. • Applications for hydromechanical servo valves are on: steering devices (such as power steering system of automobiles); test and training devices; copying devices (such as on machine tools); and heavy-duty mobile equipment. Now we shall discuss on the automo... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
Electrohydraulic Servo System
Fig.8.26 illustrates a circuit that uses a closed-loop electrohydraulic servo control system. ELECTROHYDRAULIC SERVO SYSTEM 1. Construction Fig.8.26 illustrates a circuit that uses a closed-loop electrohydraulic servo control system. This circuit is very much similar to the open loop hydraulic circuit except that a servo valve replaces the flow control and directional valves. 2. Operation In this servo system, a feedback device which is attached to the hydraulic actuator senses the actuator position or speed and transmits a corresponding electrical signal to the servo valve. T... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
Review and Summary
The four important factors that should be considered while designing any fluid power circuit are: REVIEW AND SUMMARY • The four important factors that should be considered while designing any fluid power circuit are: (i) Safety of operation, (ii) Performance of desired function, (iii) Efficiency of operation, and (iv) Cost. • A hydraulic circuit is the graphic representation of the hydraulic components in a hydraulically operated machine. • In this chapter, the design, operation, and purpose of the following hydraulic circuits have been discussed: (i) Control of a single-acti... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
Problems For Practice
On Control Circuits A double-acting cylinder is hooked up in the regenerative circuit of Fig.8.3. The relief valve setting is 100 bars. The piston area is 180 cm2 and the rod area is 60 cm2. If the pump flow is 0.0015 m3/s, find the cylinder speed and load-carrying capacity for the (i) extending stroke, and (ii) retracting stroke. [Ans. (i) 0.246 m/s; 68.25 kN; (ii) 0.246 m/s; 68.25 kN] On Accumulators 1. An accumulator has a ram of 150 mm diameter and a lift of 5 m. If the oil is supplied at 50 bar, find the necessary load on the ram, and capacity of the accumulator. [Ans. 88.... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
Two Marks Q&A
1. What are the four important factors that should be considered while designing a fluid power circuit? 1. Safety of operation, 2. Performance of desired function, 3. Efficiency of operation, and 4. Cost. 2. What is the use of a regenerative circuit ? A regenerative circuit is used to speed up the extending speed of the double-acting cylinder. 3. Why is the load-carrying capacity of a regenerative cylinder small when the piston rod area is small? Regenerative cylinder extending load-carrying capacity = Fload = P.A, Therefore when piston area (A,) is small, then the load-carry... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
Accumulators and Intensifiers
An accumulator is basically a pressure storage reservoir in which a non-compressible hydraulic fluid is retained under pressure from an external source. Chapter: 9 Accumulators and Intensifiers "Think big thoughts but relish small pleasures. - Jackson Brawn. Jr. "However far moderne science and techniques have fallen short of their inherent possibilities, they have taught mankind at least one lesson: Nothing is impossible." - Lewis Mumford "Men who accomplish great things in the industrial world are the ones who have faith in the money producing power of ideas. - Charles Fil... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
weight-loaded (or dead-weight) accumulators
The construction and operation of a dead-weight type accumulator is illustrated in Fig.9.2. WEIGHT-LOADED (OR DEAD-WEIGHT) ACCUMULATORS 1. Construction The construction and operation of a dead-weight type accumulator is illustrated in Fig.9.2. It consists of a piston rod or plunger loaded with a dead weight and moving within a cylinder to exert pressure on the hydraulic oil. The dead-weight provides the potential energy to compress the fluid. The dead-weight may be concrete block, iron or steel block, or any other heavy material. The piston should have a precision fit with the a... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
Spring-loaded Accumulators
The spring-loaded accumulators are similar in construction to that of dead-weight type accumulators. SPRING-LOADED ACCUMULATORS 1. Construction The spring-loaded accumulators are similar in construction to that of dead-weight type accumulators. In this type, instead of loading the ram with dead- weight, it is preloaded with compression spring, as shown in Fig.9.3. It consists of a cylinder body, a moveable piston, and a compression spring. The spring provides the compression energy required for this accumulator. 2. Operation As the spring is compressed by the piston, the hydraul... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
Gas-loaded Accumulators
Gas-loaded accumulators, also popularly known as hydro-pneumatic accumulators, are the most commonly used accumulators in almost all the industrial applications. GAS-LOADED ACCUMULATORS 1. What are Gas-Loaded Accumulators? • Gas-loaded accumulators, also popularly known as hydro-pneumatic accumulators, are the most commonly used accumulators in almost all the industrial applications. • They work on the basis of the Boyle's gas law. They Boyle's gas law states that for a constant temperature process, the pressure of the gas varies inversely with its volume. Mathematically, • Fo... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
Non-separator type accumulators
Fig.9.4 shows a diagram of a non-separated pneumatic-loaded actuator in a circuit. NON-SEPARATOR TYPE ACCUMULATORS 1. Construction Fig.9.4 shows a diagram of a non-separated pneumatic-loaded actuator in a circuit. It consists of a fully enclosed shell containing a gas-charging valve on the top and an oil port on the bottom. The gas confines at the top and the oil remains at the bottom and there is no physical separator between them. Since the gas has direct contact with the oil, this type is termed as non-separator type accumulator. 2. Operation In this accumulator type, pressur... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
Separator type Accumulators
The above said drawbacks of the non-separator type accumulators can be eliminated in the separator type accumulators by providing a barrier between the pressurizing gas and the hydraulic fluid. SEPARATOR TYPE ACCUMULATORS • The above said drawbacks of the non-separator type accumulators can be eliminated in the separator type accumulators by providing a barrier between the pressurizing gas and the hydraulic fluid. • The separator pneumatic-loaded accumulators are the most commonly used. Because they are small, light weight and can be mounted in any position. • Types: Based on th... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
Piston type Accumulator
The construction, and operation of a typical piston type accumulator is illustrated in Fig.9.5. It consists of a cylinder body and a moveable piston with proper seals. PISTON TYPE ACCUMULATOR 1. Construction The construction, and operation of a typical piston type accumulator is illustrated in Fig.9.5. It consists of a cylinder body and a moveable piston with proper seals. 2. Operation As shown in Fig.9.5, the piston serves as the barrier between the gas and oil. The gas is confined at the volume above the piston and the oil at the volume below the piston. The gas is compresse... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
Diaphragm type accumulator
The construction of a typical diaphragm-type accumulator is shown in Fig.9.6. DIAPHRAGM TYPE ACCUMULATOR 1. Construction The construction of a typical diaphragm-type accumulator is shown in Fig.9.6. The spherical vessel is separated into two compartments by a flexible diaphragm. One compartment is connected to the hydraulic system and the other to the high-pressure gas system. Thus the diaphragm serves as an elastic barrier between the oil and the gas. 2. Operation In most designs, a spring-loaded, normally- open check valve or a screen is provided at the liquid connection to pr... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
Bladder type accumulators
The construction of a typical bladder type accumulator is depicted in Fig.9.7. BLADDER TYPE ACCUMULATORS 1. Construction The construction of a typical bladder type accumulator is depicted in Fig.9.7. It consists of a bag or bladder of synthetic material which is precharged with gas to a determined pressure. This bladder is placed within the accumulator shell and the balance of the space filled with oil. Thus the bladder serves as an elastic barrier between the gas and oil. 2. Operation When the fluid (oil) under pressure enters the accumulator, the gas in the bladder is compress... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
Accumulator circuits (Applications of accumulators)
As discussed in Section 9.1.2, accumulators are used as: ACCUMULATOR CIRCUITS (APPLICATIONS OF ACCUMULATORS) As discussed in Section 9.1.2, accumulators are used as: (i) Leakage compensator, (ii) Auxiliary power source, (iii) Emergency power source, (iv) Hydraulic shock absorber, (v) Fluid make-up device, (vi) Holding device, and (vii) Lubricant dispenser, Now, we shall explain the operation of some accumulator circuits. 1. Accumulator as Leakage Compensator • The stored energy of the accumulator can be used to compensate any possible loss of energy due to internal or externa... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
Sizing of Accumulators
Fig.9.13 shows a simple weight-loaded type accumulator. SIZING OF ACCUMULATORS 1. Analysis of Weight-Loaded Type Accumulators Fig.9.13 shows a simple weight-loaded type accumulator. Capacity of accumulator: The maximum amount of energy that the accumulator can store is known as the capacity of the accumulator. Derivation: Let A = Area of the sliding ram = π / 4 D2, D = Diameter of the ram, L = Stroke or lift of the ram, P = Intensity of pressure of hydraulic fluid supplied by the pump, and W = Total weight of the ram including the weight of the dead-load on the ram. We know... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
Pressure Intensifiers
Pressure intensifiers, also known as pressure boosters, are used to compress the liquid in a hydraulic system to a value above the pump discharge pressure. PRESSURE INTENSIFIERS INTENSIFIERS 1. What are Pressure Intensifiers ? • Pressure intensifiers, also known as pressure boosters, are used to compress the liquid in a hydraulic system to a value above the pump discharge pressure. • In other words, a hydraulic intensifier is a device which converts a large-volume, low- pressure fluid supply into a proportionately small-volume, high-pressure fluid outlet. • The intensifier is ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
Pressure Intensifier Circuits
As we know, usually a heavy punching press requires two pumps (a low-pressure pump and a high-pressure pump) to obtain the high-pressure outlet flow required for the operation. PRESSURE INTENSIFIER CIRCUITS 1. Intensifier Circuit in Punching Press Application As we know, usually a heavy punching press requires two pumps (a low-pressure pump and a high-pressure pump) to obtain the high-pressure outlet flow required for the operation. But with the use of a pressure intensifier, one can eliminate the expensive high-pressure pump in the punching press application. 1. Circuit Fig.9.... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
செய்தித் துளிகள் 25/03/2024
⛑️⛑️தொடக்கக்கல்வி பட்டய தேர்வுக்கு தனித்தேர்வர்கள் விண்ணப்பிக்கலாம் - அரசு தேர்வுகள் இயக்ககம். ⛑️⛑️ஜனவரி பருவ மாணவர் சேர்க்கை 31 வரை நீட்டிப்பு: இக்னோ பல்கலைக்கழகம் அறிவிப்பு ⛑️⛑️பிளஸ் 1 பொதுத் தேர்வு இன்று நிறைவு: விடைத்தாள் திருத்தம் ஏப்.6-ல் தொடங்கும் ⛑️⛑️Last Date For Declaration Of Income Tax Regime Option For The Financial Year 2024-25 Upto 15.04.2024. ⛑️⛑️எதிர்பாராத விபத்து உள்ளிட்ட காரணங்களால் தேர்வு நேரத்தில் சலுகை கோரும் தேர்வர்களுக்கு மாவட்டக் கல்வி அலுவலர்களே சலுகைகள் வழங்க அரசுத் தேர்வுகள் இணை இயக்குநர் உத்தரவு. ⛑️⛑️12ஆம் வகுப்பு மாணவர்களுக்கு 03.04.2024 முதல் 04.... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
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* தினம் ஒரு மூலிகை* *ஆகாச கருடன் கிழங்கு*. கோவை இனத்தைச் சார்ந்த கிழங்குடைய ஏறு கொடி தானாக வளரும் கிழங்கு கசப்பு சுவை உடையது மருத்துவ குணம் உடல் தேற்றவும் பலம் மிகுக்கவும் விஷக்கடிகள் நீக்கவும் பயன்படும் கிழங்கை மென்மையாய் அரைத்து 50 மில்லி நீரில் கொட்டைப்பாக்களவு கலந்து மூன்று நாட்கள் காலையில் மட்டும் அருந்த மேல் பூச்சாக பூசி வர நாய் நரி குரங்கு பாம்பு விலங்குகளின் கடினஞ்சு தீரும் கழங்கை தோல் நீக்கி உலர்த்தி பொடித்து ஒரு தேக்கரண்டி பொடியை சர்க்கரை கலந்து காலை மாலை சாப்பிட்டு உப்பு புளி நீக்கி உணவு உண்டு வர பாம்பு நஞ்சு கீல் பிடிப்பு மேக நோய்கள் தீரும் 100 கிராம் கிழங்குடன் 50 ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
The Rules of Efficient Steering Techniques
Bad steering is one of the most common driving errors that lead to accidents. Skilled steering determines the roadworthiness of your car, so learning safe steering is necessary. Efficient steering techniques involve: *Correct sitting position* You should always sit in the right and comfortable position. Sitting in an incorrect position or feeling uncomfortable won’t let you have complete control over your car. *Adjust the seat* Make sure you are not far away from the steering wheel. Just pick a point where you won’t have to extend your arms excessively to reach it. There is no p... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
Which part of the body is blood produced?
Image source: Overview of blood and blood components. “Blood cells are made in the bone marrow. The bone marrow is the soft, spongy material in the center of the bones. It produces about 95% of the body's blood cells.” Facts About Blood. Facts About BloodWhat is blood? Blood is the life-maintaining fluid that flows through the body's blood vessels: - Arteries - Veins - Capillaries What is the function of blood? Blood carries the following to the body tissues: - Nourishment - Electrolytes - Hormones - ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
Is Garlic good for the heart?
Yes, garlic is good for the heart! Garlic has been used for centuries. It contains compounds like allicin, which have been shown to have various health benefits, including supporting heart health. Garlic may help lower blood pressure, reduce cholesterol levels, and improve blood circulation, all of which are important for heart health. Additionally, garlic has antioxidant properties that can help protect the heart from damage caused by free radicals. One of the ways garlic benefits heart health is by promoting the relaxation of blood vessels, which can help lower blood pressure. Low... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
How do you prove Ohm's law using the classical free electron theory?
Let's see, Ohm's law is basically the idea that the current in a conductor is proportional to the voltage across it. You know, V=IR and all that jazz. But how do we explain this from a microscopic point of view? What's going on inside that metal when we apply an electric field? That's where the classical free electron theory comes in. This thing says that a metal is made of a bunch of positive ions in a lattice and a bunch of free electrons that can move around like gas molecules. The electrons are constantly colliding with each other and with the ions, but we don't care about t... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
How do you heal inflamed esophagus naturally or with home remedies?
How has thin inflammation been diagnosed/proven? Only endoscopy can do that. If really inflamed, it usually is due to acid reflux from the stomach going up into your esophagus, thus you need meds to block acid production like Histamin2 blocker like ranitidine, famotidine, or protonpump inhibitors like omeprazole, esomeprazole, pantoprazole. You get try to support these meds by following an anti reflux diet by not eating too much at a time, not eat fatty food, not smoke (stimulates the stomach to make more acid and weaken the circular sphincter muscle between stomach and lower esopha... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
Why is EARTH PIN longest and thickest ?
*Electrical engineering based reason - *More the thickness of wire/ conductor less is the resistance. A thick Earth Pin provides a less resistance path for the current to be grounded. *Safety based reason -* Somehow this longest pin is connected properly in the electrical system than other pin (phase & neutral) and ensures safe to pass the leakage current through this earth pin rather than a person operating an applice. read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
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1. இடது கையால் ஆசனம் போட்டால் ஆயுள் குறைவு; 2. இடது கையால் எண்ணெய் தேய்த்துக் கொண்டால் புத்திர நாசம்; 3. இடது கையால் சாப்பாடு போட்டுக் கொண்டால் செல்வம் அழியும்; 4. இடது கையால் படுக்கையை போட்டால் இருப்பிடம் சேதமாகும். 5. ஜோதிடர், குரு, நோயாளி, கர்ப்பிணி, மருத்துவர், சந்நியாசி முதலியவர்களுக்கு, அவர்களுடைய ஆபத்துக் காலத்தில் கண்டிப்பாக உதவ வேண்டும். இது மிகவும் புண்ணியம். 6. சகோதரன் அல்லது சகோதரி தாழ்ந்த நிலையிலிருந்தால், அவர்களுக்கு உதவ வேண்டும். 7. அண்ணியை தினசரி வணங்க வேண்டும். 8. பசு, தேர், நெய்குடம், அரச மரம், வில்வம், அரசுடன் சேர்ந்த வேம்பு இவைகள் எதிரில் குறுக்கிட்டா... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 week ago
Why is our car misfiring after changing spark plugs and coils?
There are several potential causes for a car misfiring after changing spark plugs and coils. It is possible that the spark plugs were not properly gapped, or that the spark plugs are not the correct type for the vehicle. It is also possible that the spark plug wires are not connected properly, or that the ignition coil is not functioning correctly. To diagnose and fix the problem, you will need to do some basic checks and tests. Here are some steps you can follow: First, check the condition of the spark plugs and wires. Look for any signs of damage, corrosion, or wear. Make sure th... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor2 weeks ago
Why are all the car companies stopping their diesel engines in India?
To know the answer to this we have to first understand the main difference between a diesel and a petrol engine. Petrol has short chain hydrocarbons and hence is easy to ignite. While diesel contains long chain hydrocarbons which requires a very high temperature to combust. They also produce a lot of smoke and hence greater residual exaust gases. Petrol engines use spark plugs and easy to make and hence cheap. While diesel engines use fuel injection and the fuel is ignited by compression of air-fuel mixture. Diesel engines are hence expensive to build. In the past vehicle emission ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor2 weeks ago
What is an iron lung, and is it useful for people with polio?
It is a primitive negative pressure ventilator. It is basically cylinder-like rigid metal box where the patient lies so that his or her head sticks out. A vacuum pump creates a variable negative pressure inside the cylinder so that the patient’s thorax and abdomen mimic the natural breathing rhythm. Iron lung was the first functional perpetual respirator. It was used for artificial breathing in cases, where the patient was unable to breathe on his or her own, such as respiratory paralysis, muscular dystrophy, drug overdose, poisoning etc. But being large, cumbersone and claustropho... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor2 weeks ago
Why are diesel locomotives so noisy compared to electric locomotives?
The only sound Electric Locomotives produce are of the cooling blowers that blow air to cool the internals of the Locomotive. Diesel Locomotives unlike electric Locomotives don't need OHE for power because they contain their own power source i.e. the prime mover. Prime movers are essentially very big diesel internal combustion engines. Consider a normal diesel engine but with very big displacement e.g. 126000 cc and in a V12 or V16 configuration or V8 for shunters like WDS 6(I don't remember) Above, ALCo 251 V12 diesel engine used in India locos of ALCo origin. Diesel Locomotives... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor2 weeks ago
Why the Power Symbol Looks Like this?
All of us has been seeing this icon in all our electric and electronic appliances, but do you know where does this symbol come from? It is pretty simple. It is a combination of “I” and “O”. In electronics, people use “O”(zero) to denote an off state and “I”(one) to denote on state of any appliance. So a button/icon with the power symbol indicates that the button can be used to change the state of the appliance from on to off or vice versa. read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor2 weeks ago
Why did polio patients need an iron lung?
Not all needed it, but the iron lung, a behemoth of medical engineering, became the lifeline for those whose muscles had betrayed them under polio's ruthless grip. Imagine this: your body, a prison, your breaths, shallow whispers, as polio ravages your muscles, including those you never think about because they work on autopilot—the ones that let you breathe. The iron lung worked on a simple yet ingenious principle: negative pressure. It mimicked the natural breathing process when the diaphragm and chest muscles failed. The patient lay inside this cylindrical chamber, sealed exce... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor2 weeks ago
What are the advantages of using an engine with less stroke compared to one with more stroke for the same displacement?
Bore and stroke establish an engine’s displacement, but their relationship to each other also affects the engine’s operating characteristics. This is sometimes called the stroke ratio. In general, an oversquare bore, which is an engine where the bore diameter is greater than the length of the stroke, will rev higher, and is capable of producing more horsepower, but with lower torque. An undersquare bore, where the stroke is longer than the diameter of the bore, normally produces less peak horsepower, but more torque at lower RPM’s. An example of an oversquare engine, which has a re... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor2 weeks ago
அருள்மிகு எட்டுக்குடி முருகன் திருக்கோயில் :...
திருக்குவளை அருகே உள்ளது எட்டுக்குடி முருகன் கோவில். அறுபடை வீடு முருகன் கோவில்கள் தவிர புகழ் பெற்ற முருகன் கோவில்களில் எட்டுக்குடி முருகன் கோவிலும் ஒன்று. இது மிக பழமையான கோவில்களில் ஒன்று. அருணகிரிநாதர் இந்த கோவில் குறித்து பாடல்கள் இயற்றியுள்ளார். 🙏கோயில் சிறப்பு : எட்டுக்குடி முருகன் தலத்தில் சஷ்டி விரதத்தையும் கௌரி விரதத்தையும் ஒன்றாக கடைபிடிப்பது சிறப்பு. தீபாவளியன்று கொண்டாடப்படும் கேதார கௌரி விரதம் தோன்றிய தலம் இதுதான். இங்குள்ள முருகப்பெருமான் வள்ளி, தெய்வானையுடன் மயில்மீதமர்ந்து காட்சி தருகிறார். வான்மீகர் என்ற சித்தர் இங்கு தான் சமாதியானார். பக்தர்கள் தங்கள்... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor2 weeks ago
சிந்தனை துளிகள்*
*இன்றைய நட்பும் நிகழ்வும் செய்திகள்* 15.03.2024(வெள்ளிக்கிழமை) சிலவற்றை தெரிந்து கொண்டால் தெளிவாக இருப்போம்... பலவற்றை தெரியாமல் இருந்தால் நிம்மதியாக இருப்போம்.! விவாதம் செய்வதை விட விலகி செல்வதே மேலாகும். புரியாத உறவுகளுக்கு மத்தியில்.!! தன்மானத்தை இழந்து எதையும் அடைய வேண்டும் என்று அவசியமில்லை... எந்த இடத்தில் நம்மை வைக்கிறார்களோ அதே இடத்தில் அவர்களையும் நாம் வைத்து விடவேண்டும். உறவுகள் முக்கியம் தான் அதை விட சுயமரியாதை மிக முக்கியமாகும்.!!! அனைவருக்கும் இனிய காலை வணக்கம். 🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏 *செய்தி துளிகள்* 🍒🍒உதவிப் பேராசிரியர் பணியிடங்களுக்கான தேர்வு அறிவி... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor2 weeks ago
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*நட்பும் நிகழ்வும் சமையல் குறிப்புகள்:* 〰️〰️〰️〰️〰️ 🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺 *சமையல் குறிப்புகளில் இன்று கடலைக்கறி செய்யும் முறையை பார்ப்போம் வாருங்கள்...* *கடலைக்கறி - Kadala Curry':* *தேவையான பொருட்கள்:* கருப்பு கொண்டைக்கடலை - 1 கப் பொடியாக நறுக்கிய சின்ன வெங்காயம் - 1/2 கப் பொடியாக நறுக்கிய இஞ்சி - 1 டீஸ்பூன் பொடியாக நறுக்கிய தக்காளி - 1 தேங்காய்த்துருவல் - 1 கப் தேங்காய்ப்பால் - 1/2 கப் கடுகு& உளுந்து - 1/2 டீஸ்பூன் மஞ்சள்தூள் - 1/4 டீஸ்பூன் மிளகாய்த்தூள் - 1/2 டீஸ்பூன் தனியா தூள் - 1/2 டீஸ்பூன் மிளகுத்தூள் - 1/4 டீஸ்பூன் கறிவேப்பிலை - சிறிது தேங்காய் எண்ணெய் - 2 டேபிள் ஸ்பூன... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor2 weeks ago
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*பிரமிக்க வைக்கும் சோடசலிங்கம்* 🛕திருவதிகை கோவிலில் கருவறையில் உள்ள மூலவரை சோடசலிங்கம் என்கிறார்கள்.இவரை வழிபட்டால் உடனே திருமணம் கைகூடும் என்பது ஐதீகம். 🛕திருவதிகை கோவிலில் ஒவ்வொரு பகுதியும்,ஒவ்வொரு அம்சமும் நம்மை சுண்டி இழுக்கும்.எதைப் பார்த்தாலும் நம் முன்னோர்களின் திறமை பளிச்சிடும்.குறிப்பாக கருவறை பகுதி பொக்கிஷம் போல உள்ளது. 🛕16 பட்டைகள் தாங்கி சுமார் 7 அடி உயரத்தில் மூலவர் வீராட்டனேசுவரர் உள்ளார்.இந்த அமைப்பு காண்பவர்கள் அனைவரையும் பிரமிக்க வைக்கிறது.கருவறை கட்டப்படும் முன்பே இந்த பிரமாண்ட லிங்கத்தை உள்ளே வைத்திருப்பவர்கள் போல தோன்றுகிறது. 🛕இந்த லிங்கத்துக்கு பல ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor2 weeks ago
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* தினம் ஒரு மூலிகை* *ஆவாரை*. தாவரவியல் பெயர்,Cassia Aunculata ஆவாரைக் கண்டோர் சாவாரை கண்டதுண்டோ இலை பட்டை பூ வேர் பிசின் என தனது முழு உடலையும் மருத்துவ தானமாக அளிக்கும் ஆவாரை இருக்கும்போது நோய்களை கண்டு அஞ்ச வேண்டியது இல்லை வறண்ட நிலத்திலும் குதூலத்துடன் மஞ்சள் நிற பூக்களுடன் வளரும் குறுஞ்செடி ஆவாரை மண்ணிலிருந்து முளைத்தெழும் சொக்கத்தங்கம் ஆவாரை இலைகளுக்கு கல்லீரலை பாதுகாக்கும் தன்மை உண்டு சித்த மருத்துவத்தில் நீரிழிவு நோய்க்கு பயன்படுத்தப்படும் சிறந்த மூலிகை ஆவாரை இதன் இலை வேர் பூ காய் பட்டை ஆகியவற்றை உலர வைத்து தயாரித்த சூரணத்தை மருத்துவர் ஆலோசனைப்படி எடுத்து வர நீரிழிவு நோயி... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor2 weeks ago
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*இன்றைய நட்பும் நிகழ்வும் செய்திகள்* 14.03.2024(வியாழக்கிழமை) *சிந்தனை துளிகள்* எதிலும் அளவோடு இருந்தால் அவதிப்படவும் தேவையில்லை, அவமானப்படவும் தேவையயில்லை.! தன்னை நல்லவராக காட்டிக்கொள்ள அடுத்தவரை கெட்டவராகச் சித்தரிக்கும்,எவரும் நீண்ட நாள் நல்லவர் வேடத்தில் சுற்ற முடியாது.!! எதையும் பொறுத்துக் கொள்ளும் போது நல்லவர்களாக தெரியும் நாம் எதிர்த்து கேள்வி கேட்கும் போது கெட்டவர்கள் ஆகிவிடுகிறோம்.!!! அனைவருக்கும் இனிய காலை வணக்கம். 🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏 *செய்தி துளிகள்* 📕📘தனியார் பள்ளிகள் இயக்ககத்தின் இயக்குநர் மற்றும் வய... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor2 weeks ago
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வயிற்றுபெருமல் குணமாக:- பிரண்டை – 1 துண்டு (25 கிராம்) கல்லுப்பு – 10 கிராம் இந்துப்பு – 10 கிராம் சுக்கு – 10 கிராம் ஓமம் – 10 கிராம் பூண்டு – 20 கிராம் பெருங்காயம் – 10 கிராம் பனைவெல்லம் – 50 கிராம் இவையனைத்தையும் ஒன்று சேர்த்து மைய அரைத்து வைத்துக்கொள்ளவும். இதில் பட்டாணி அளவு எடுத்து மாத்திரையாக்கி நன்கு காயவைத்து எடுத்துக்கொள்ளவும். தினமும் மூன்று வேளை உணவுக்குப்பின் 1 மாத்திரை சாப்பிட வயிற்றுவலி, வயிற்றுப்பொருமல் ஆகியன தீரும். read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor2 weeks ago
Untitled
* தினம் ஒரு மூலிகை* *ஆடாதோடை* தாவரவியல் பெயர்:Adathoda Vasica இம் மூலிகையை இனிமையான குரலுக்கு சொந்தக்காரன் என்றும் பாடாத நாவும் பாடுமே என்றும் அழைப்பார்கள் சளி ஆஸ்துமா போன்ற பல நோய்களை குணமாக்கும் ஆடாதொடையின் வேரினால் இருமல் அக்கினி மாந்தம் ஸ்வேத பித்தம் மக சுவாசம் சளி ரோகம் முதலிய நோய்கள் போகும் சளியை போக்கும் ஆடாதோடை இலையை காய வைத்து இடித்து பொடி செய்து ஒரு கிராம் வாயில் போட்டு பனங்கற்கண்டுடன் பாலுடன் சேர்த்து ஒரு மண்டலம் சாப்பிட்டு வர குரல் வளம் மேம்படும் கை கால் நீர் கட்டுதல் வாத வலிகள் திரேக வலிகள் வரட்டு இருமல் இளைப்பு வயிற்று வலி காமாலையும் தீரும் இந்த மூலிகையில் ஈயம் சத்... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
3D Printing
3D Printing creates 3D objects adding material layer by layer using the information from a computer-generated 3D model. What is 3D printing? The fundamental principle of 3D printing is that it fabricates a 3D object directly from a 3D model by adding layer by layer of material and fusing them. It uses CAD-generated 3D models to manufacture a three-dimensional object by adding material layer upon layer and fusing them. topology optimized 3d printed frame (Source – BMW) Technologists early on referred to these technologies as rapid prototyping, but since then, they have made huge st... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Material Extrusion
In material extrusion, plastic filament is fed through a heated extruding nozzle and deposited onto the building platform layer by layer. What is Material extrusion? Material extrusion is an additive manufacturing technique using continuous thermoplastic or composite material filament to construct 3D parts. The plastic filament is fed through an extruding nozzle, which heats the material to a molten state and then deposits it layer by layer onto the building platform to create a 3D part. [image: Material extrusion - FDM printer]Material extrusion – FDM printer Material extrusion i... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Acronyms, Abbreviations & Glossary of Additive Manufacturing
Additive manufacturing, commonly known as 3D printing, is an exciting technology rapidly growing in popularity due to 3D printers becoming more affordable. You can’t read an article about 3D printing without coming across many abbreviations, acronyms, jargon and terminology. The additive manufacturing industry is full of them. The introduction and disappearance of new processes, abbreviations and acronyms are a healthy part of technological advancement in the field and its evolution. [image: Material extrusion_filament]Material extrusion_filament Therefore, I have listed some of t... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Directed Energy Deposition (DED)
Directed Energy Deposition forms parts by melting material as it is being deposited using a laser, electron beam or plasma arc. What is Directed Energy Deposition? Directed Energy Deposition (DED) is one of the 7 categories of Additive Manufacturing processes. DED forms 3D objects by melting material as it is being deposited using focused thermal energy such as a laser, electron beam or plasma arc. The energy source and the material feed nozzle are manipulated using a gantry system or robotic arm. DED is increasingly used in hybrid manufacturing, where even the substrate bed is mov... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Rapid Prototyping
Rapid prototyping creates a preliminary product version to evaluate the design and its functionality. What is Rapid prototyping? Rapid prototyping (RP) quickly creates a physical part directly from its CAD model data using various manufacturing techniques. Rapid prototyping can be used at any stage of the product development cycle for any components or sub-components. Prototyping can be repeated numerous times along the new product design process using the test data to achieve the desired part. [image: High fidelity prototype - ReFlex Hand prototype and final production version]H... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Stereolithography (SLA)
Stereolithography is an additive manufacturing technology that builds three-dimensional parts layer-by-layer using a laser to cure liquid resin. What is Stereolithography (SLA)? Stereolithography is an additive manufacturing technology (3D printing process) that falls under the VAT photopolymerisation category. Vat photopolymerisation is one of the seven types of additive manufacturing technologies. SLA stands for Stereolithography, an additive manufacturing technology that builds three-dimensional models layer-by-layer using a laser to cure liquid resin. [image: Stereolithograph... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Selective Laser Sintering
Selective laser sintering uses a laser to melt and fuse fine polymer particles of material to create 3D objects. What is Selective Laser Sintering? Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) is a powder-based additive manufacturing technology that uses a laser to melt and fuse fine polymer particles of materials to create 3D objects. Commonly known as SLS, this 3D printing technology falls under the power bed fusion AM category. Powder bed fusion is one of the 7 types of Additive manufacturing technologies. [image: Selective-Laser-Sintering-support]Selective-Laser-Sintering-support Selective... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Sheet Lamination
Sheet lamination forms 3D objects by stacking material such as paper, plastic or metal foil and laminating them using welding, adhesive, heat or pressure. What is Sheet Lamination? Sheet lamination is one of the 7 types of additive manufacturing processes defined by ISO/ASTM 52900-2015. It is the process of building a 3D object by stacking and laminating thin sheets of material. The lamination method can be bonding, ultrasonic welding or brazing, while the final shape is achieved by laser cutting or CNC machining. [image: Carbon fibre sheet laminated parts]Carbon fibre sheet lamin... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Binder Jetting
Binder Jetting is an Additive Manufacturing process in which a binding liquid is selectively deposited to join powder material together to form a 3D part. What is Binder Jetting? Binder Jetting (BJ) is one of seven Additive Manufacturing techniques in which a binding liquid is selectively deposited to join powder material to form a 3D part. Among the additive manufacturing technologies today, binder jetting is unique because it does not employ heat during the process like others to fuse the material. [image: binder jetting impeller sand casting]Sand casting mould made using BJ fo... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Electron Beam Melting (EBM)
In Electron beam melting, metal powder is melted and fused layer by layer using a high electron beam to create a 3D part. What is Electron Beam Melting (EBM)? Electron beam melting is one of the Powder bed fusion technologies, in which metal powder is melted and fused layer by layer using a high electron beam. Powder bed fusion is one of the 7 types of Additive manufacturing technologies. [image: Electron Beam Melting]Electron Beam Melting (credit:GE) EBM is a proprietary additive manufacturing technology from Arcam, a GE Additive company. Watch the video to see the EBM procedure ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Material Jetting
Material Jetting is one of the seven types of Additive manufacturing technologies in which droplets of material are selectively jetted and cured to form part. What is Material Jetting? Material Jetting (MJ) is one of the 7 types of Additive Manufacturing (AM) technologies in which droplets of build and support materials are selectively jetted onto the build platform and cured by either ultraviolet light or heat to form a 3D object. The material can be jetted continuously or only when required, i.e. on-demand to create the parts. [image: Poly jetting or material jetting]Poly jetting... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)
Fused Deposition Modeling is a 3D printing technology that creates parts from the plastic filament by melting and then depositing them in layers. What is Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)? Fused deposition modeling is an additive manufacturing technology that creates 3D components using a continuous thermoplastic or composite material thread in filament form. An extruder feeds the plastic filament through an extruding nozzle, which is melted and then selectively deposited layer by layer onto the build platform in a predetermined automated path. [image: Fused deposition modeling exampl... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Additive Manufacturing
Additive manufacturing technology or 3D printing is a type of technology that uses successive layers of material to create 3D objects. What is Additive Manufacturing (AM)? The basic principle of Additive Manufacturing technology is that it uses CAD generated 3D model directly to fabricate a three-dimensional object by adding layer-upon-layer of material and fusing them. [image: Material-Extrusion_FDM]Material Extrusion (source: Makerbot) More than enough statistics support the claim that the introduction of 3D Printing has revolutionised the industrial world in a way no other produ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Vat Photopolymerization
Vat Photopolymerization is AM technology that produces 3D objects by curing photopolymer liquid resin using light waves. What is Vat Photopolymerization? Vat Photopolymerization is a type of additive manufacturing technology that produces 3D objects by selectively curing photopolymer liquid resin using light-activated polymerization. [image: SLA printer]SLA printer (source: formlabs.com) A photopolymer, also known as light-activated resin, is a polymer that changes its properties when exposed to light, often in the ultraviolet or visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum, caus... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Powder Bed Fusion
Powder bed fusion is an AM technique that uses either laser, thermal energy or electron beam to melt and fuse the material to form a 3D part What is Powder Bed Fusion? Powder bed fusion is one of seven Additive Manufacturing techniques, in which either laser, heat or electron beam is used to melt and fuse the material together to form a three-dimensional object. [image: Powder bed fusion]Figure 1. Powder bed fusion ( source:GE)Types of Powder bed fusion Both metal and plastic parts can be made using this technique and it can be classified into the following four groups by the energ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Vat Photopolymerization
Vat Photopolymerization Alternative Names: SLA™- Stereolithography Apparatus DLP™- Digital Light Processing 3SP™- Scan, Spin, and Selectively Photocure CLIP™ – Continuous Liquid Interface Production Description: A vat of liquid photopolymer resin is cured through selective exposure to light (via a laser or projector) which then initiates polymerization and converts the exposed areas to a solid part. Strengths: - High level of accuracy and complexity - Smooth surface finish - Accommodates large build areas Typical Materials: UV-Curable Photopolymer Resins The first commercialized 3... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
VAT Photopolymerisation
Vat polymerisation uses a vat of liquid photopolymer resin, out of which the model is constructed layer by layer. An ultraviolet (UV) light is used to cure or harden the resin where required, whilst a platform moves the object being made downwards after each new layer is cured. As the process uses liquid to form objects, there is no structural support from the material during the build phase., unlike powder based methods, where support is given from the unbound material. In this case, support structures will often need to be added. Resins are cured using a process of photo polyme... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
ALAGAR PUBLIC SCHOOL-ANNUAL REPORT 2017- 2018
*ANNUAL REPORT 2017- 2018* A heart filled with aspirations is all that we knew since the very existence of the school and that’s what gave us the ambition of marching forward till excellence is achieved in all our endeavours. This report is comprised of the achievements made during the year gone by and at the same time set the path for greater accomplishments in the years to come. *KINDERGARTEN* The children benefited high quality teaching which was characterized by effective use of resources high expectation and a good match of tasks to children ability levels in all parts with... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Two Marks Q&A
two marks questions and answers: Hydraulic Actuators and Control Components - Hydraulic Actuators and Control Components TWO MARKS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 1. What are fluid power symbols ? Fluid power symbols are used to represent individual components in fluid power circuit diagrams, which identify components and their functions uniquely. 2. Draw the graphic symbols for the following pumps : (a) Fixed displacement bidirectional pump, and (b) Variable displacement unidirectional pump. Ans. 3. Draw the ANSI symbols for the following motors : (a) Fixed displacement unidirectio... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Pump Performance
The performance characteristics of a pump can be represented in terms of overall efficiency. PUMP PERFORMANCE The performance characteristics of a pump can be represented in terms of overall efficiency. Overall efficiency, in turn, has two components: 'volumetric efficiency' and 'mechanical efficiency'. These three efficiencies are presented below. 1. Volumetric Efficiency • Definition: It is the ratio between the actual flow rate produced by the pump and the theoretical flow rate that the pump should produce. • Formula: • Significance: The volumetric efficiency indicates the... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Pump Characteristics
The behaviour of a pump under varying conditions is shown graphically by the curves known as characteristic curves of the pump. PUMP CHARACTERISTICS 1. What are Characteristic Curves? • The behaviour of a pump under varying conditions is shown graphically by the curves known as characteristic curves of the pump. • The characteristic curves are used to identify and interpret the following parameters of the hydraulic pumps: • Delivery at various pressures (with constant speed). • Delivery at various speeds (with constant pressure). • Volumetric efficiency, mechanical efficiency, ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Pump problems
Noise is a significant factor used to determine the performance of the pumps. PUMP PROBLEMS 1. Pump Noise • Noise is a significant factor used to determine the performance of the pumps. • Any increase in noise level normally indicates wear and danger of failure of pump. • Normally noise is measured in units of decibels (dB). • Generated noise levels depend on many factors such as the pump type, pump component materials, pump mountings, rigidity, manufacturing and fitting accuracies of the pump elements, size and flow capacity, pressure, speed of rotation, pressure pulsations... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Selection of hydraulic pumps
Pumps are selected by considering number of factors into account. Main factors among these considerations are presented in Table 4.11. SELECTION OF HYDRAULIC PUMPS (FACTORS INFLUENCING THE SELECTION OF PUMP TYPE) Pumps are selected by considering number of factors into account. Main factors among these considerations are presented in Table 4.11. Table 4.11. Factors affecting the selection of hydraulic pump 1. Safe and maximum operating pressures. 2. Maximum flow rate/delivery requirements. 3. Pump drive speed. 4. Type of control. 5. Fluid compatibility. 6. Fluid contamination... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Some Illustrative Example Problems
some illustrative example problems: Fluid Power Priniciples and Hydraulic Pumps - Hydraulics and Pneumatics SOME ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE PROBLEMS Problems On Gear Pumps Example 4.1 A gear pump has a 80 mm outside diameter, a 55 inside diameter, and a 25 mm width. If the actual pump flow at 1600 rpm and rated pressure is 95 Lpm, what is the volumetric efficiency ? Given Data: D0 = 80 mm; Di = 55 mm; L = 25 mm; N = 1600 rpm; Rated pressure = 95 Lpm. Solution: It is given that rated pressure is 95 Lpm (i.e., litres per minute). That means, the actual discharge, QA = 95 Lpm = 95 ×... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Review and Summary
A hydraulic pump is a device which converts mechanical energy into hydraulic energy. REVIEW AND SUMMARY • A hydraulic pump is a device which converts mechanical energy into hydraulic energy. • Pump classification: 1. Non positive displacement (hydro-dynamic) pumps, and (a) Centrifugal pumps, (b) Axial flow pumps, and (c) Mixed flow pumps. 2. Positive-displacement (hydro-static) pumps, and (i) Rotary pumps (a) Gear pumps, (b) Vane pumps, and (c) Screw pumps. (ii) Reciprocating pumps (a) In-line axial piston pump, (b) Bent axis axial piston pump, and (c) Radial piston pump. ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Two Marks Q&A
two marks q & a : Fluid Power Priniciples and Hydraulic Pumps - Hydraulics and Pneumatics TWO MARKS Q & A 1. What is the function of a hydraulic pump ? A hydraulic pump is a device which converts mechanical energy into hydraulic energy. 2. How can you classify pumps ? 1. Non-positive displacement pumps, and 2. Positive displacement pumps. (a) Rotary pumps (such as gear pumps, vane pumps, and screw pumps) (b) Reciprocating pumps (such as axial and radial piston pumps) 3. Where are non-positive displacement pumps employed? Why? The non-positive displacement pumps are suitable ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Review Questions
REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. (a) Mention the role of a pump in a hydraulic system. ( b) How can you classify pumps? 2. Classify the positive displacement pumps. 3. Explain how positive displacement pumps build pressure compared to rotodynamic pumps. What are the advantages of positive displacement pumps? 4. Explain the constructional features and working principles of external gear pump with neat sketches. Also determine its theoretical discharge and performance measures. 5. How does an internal gear pump differ from an external gear pump? 6. Write short notes on lobe pump. 7. ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Why should we use a star-star connection?
OQ: For the most part you usually shouldn’t, except under special circumstances. A star-star connection is a topology used to build a three phase transformer. Both the primary and secondary windings in the transformer are connected to their source and load lines, respectively, in a star configuration, also known as a Y, configuration. The other possibility is a the Delta connection. Here’s a diagram to make the difference clear: The star connection gives you a true neutral (N) and always produces a four wire circuit. The delta connection is what Navy ships use. The delta topolo... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
What happens when a piston ring breaks?
A piston ring is a metal ring that fits around the piston in an engine. It has two main functions: to seal the combustion chamber and prevent the leakage of gases and to control the oil consumption and lubrication of the cylinder wall. A piston ring is constantly exposed to high temperatures, pressures, and friction, so it can wear out or break over time. When a piston ring breaks, it can cause several problems for the engine. Some of the possible effects are: Loss of compression: A broken piston ring can create a gap between the piston and the cylinder wall, allowing the combusti... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Driving License Classes & Types in Singapore
At what age can you drive in Singapore? The minimum age requirement to drive and obtain a driving licence in Singapore varies depending on the licence class. Here are the legal driving age requirements for each class: Class 2B: 18 years old Class 2A: 19 years old Class 2: 20 years old Class 3, Class 3A, Class 4, and Class 5: 18 years old It's important to note that these age requirements are the minimum age to apply for the respective classes of licence, and additional requirements, such as passing the required tests, must also be met. How can I apply for a Qualified Driving Lice... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Different Driving License Classes In Singapore
Did you know that there are 11 different driving licence classes in Singapore? You’re most probably familiar with the Class 3/3A licence, as it’s a common one that people get after passing their driving tests. But apart from that, there’s also something called the Class 2 licence, Class 4 licence, and Class 5 licence. With so many licence classes available, it’s easy to feel confused as to which one you should go for. This easy guide will help you understand the different types of licence classes in Singapore so that you can make a better informed decision. *Driving licence cla... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Solved problem on Pressure Measurement
solved problem on pressure measurement: Fluid Properties and Flow Characteristics - Fluid Mechanics and Machinery SOLVED PROBLEM ON PRESSURE MEASUREMENT Example - 47 Express the pressure intensity of 0.7356 N/mm2 gauge absolute pressure in (i) KN/m2 of and (ii) in m of water. Given data: Gauge pressure = 0.7356 N/mm2 = 0.7356 × 106 N/m2. Solution: Case (i) in KN/m2 Absolute pressure = Atmosphere pressure + Gauge pressure W.K.T Atmospheric pressure = 1.014 × 105 N/mm2 Absolute pressure = 1.014 × 105 + 0.7356 × 106 = 8.37 × 105 N/m2 = 837 KN/m2 Absolute pressure = 837 KN/m... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Solved Problems on Pascals Law
Solved Problems on Pascals law: Fluid Properties and Flow Characteristics - Fluid Mechanics and Machinery Solved Problems on Pascals law Example - 52 The diameters of ram and plunger of an hydraulic press are 180 mm and 28 mm respectively. Find the weight lifted by the hydraulic press when the force applied at the plunger is 380 N. Given data: Diameter of ram D= 180 mm = 0.18 m Diameter of plunger d = 28 mm = 0.028 m Force on the plunger (F) = 380 N. To find: Weight (W) = ? Solution: In pascals law the intensity of pressure will be equally transmitted. Result: Weight li... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Solved Problem on Manometers
solved problem on manometers: Fluid Properties and Flow Characteristics - Fluid Mechanics and Machinery SOLVED PROBLEM ON MANOMETERS Example - 58 A U-tube manometer is used to measure the pressure of oil of specific gravity 0.95 flowing in a pipe line. Its left end is connected to the pipe and the right limb is open to atmosphere. The centre of the pipe is 110 mm below the level of mercury in right limb. If the difference of meucury level in the two limbs is 170 mm. Determine the absolute pressure of the oil in the pipe. Given data: SP. gravity of oil s1 = 0.95 SP. gravity o... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Buoyancy
When a body is immersed partially or fully in a fluid it experiences a vertical upward force. BUOYANCY AND FLOATATION 1. Introduction When a body is immersed partially or fully in a fluid it experiences a vertical upward force. This upward vertical force acting on a floating of submerged body is known as buoyancy force. The buoyance force is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body or equal to the loss of weight of the body when it is weighed in the liquid. This buoyance force acts through the centre of gravity of the displaced fluid and this point is called the ce... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Flotation
When a body is immersed in any liquid, it experiences two forces. FLOTATION When a body is immersed in any liquid, it experiences two forces. First one is the weight of the body w acting vertically down words. Second is the buoyancy force F acting vertically upwards. In case w > Fb, the weight will cause the body to sink in the fluid. In case w = Fb the body will remain in equilibrium at any level. If w < Fb the body will move upwards in fluid, The body moving up will come to rest or stop moving up in fluid when the fluid displaced by its submerged part is equal to its weight (w)... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Meta Centre and Meta Centre Height
The figure shows two positions of a floating body when it is in equilibrium condition and disturbed condition by external force from its original equilibrium. META CENTRE AND META CENTRE HEIGHT The figure shows two positions of a floating body when it is in equilibrium condition and disturbed condition by external force from its original equilibrium. In new tilted position of the body the centre of gravity G remains at the same position but the centre of buoyancy B is shifted from B1 to B1 and Fb acts upward through B1 and B1 is the new centre of buoyancy of the displaced liqu... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Equilibrium of the Floating Body
A body is said to be in a state of stable equilibrium if a small angular displacement of the body sets a couple that tends to oppose the angular displacement of the body, position. STABILITY OF THE FLOATING BODY (i) Stable Equilibrium: A body is said to be in a state of stable equilibrium if a small angular displacement of the body sets a couple that tends to oppose the angular displacement of the body, position. In this case the M (Meta-centre) always remains above G (Centre of gravity of the body). (ii) Unstable Equilibrium: A body is said to be in a state of unstable equilibri... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Stability of a Submerged Body
The stability of a submerged body is determined by the relative position of the centre of gravity G and centre of buoyancy B of the body. STABILITY OF A SUBMERGED BODY The stability of a submerged body is determined by the relative position of the centre of gravity G and centre of buoyancy B of the body. If G is located below B, the body remains in stable equilibrium. IfG is above B, then the body is in unstable equilibrium. If G coincides with B, the body is in neutral equilibrium. Consider a balloon submerged in air an shown in figure or a submarine fully submerged in water. ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Stability of a Floating Body
The stability of a floating body is determined by the relative position of the centre of gravity, and the meta centre M of the body. STABILITY OF A FLOATING BODY The stability of a floating body is determined by the relative position of the centre of gravity, and the meta centre M of the body. If G is located below M, the floating body remains in stable equilibrium. If G is above M, the body is in unstable equilibrium. If G coincides with M, the body is in neutral equilibrium. Consider partially immersed body floating in a liquid which is initially in equilibrium with FB = w. T... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Determination of Meta-Centre Height
When the body has undergone small strip of dx at a distance x from the centre O, the depth of immersion can be expressed as z +x tan θ. DETERMINATION OF META-CENTRE HEIGHT 1. Analytical Method When the body has undergone small strip of dx at a distance x from the centre O, the depth of immersion can be expressed as z +x tan θ. Taking moments about a vertical plane at a distance x1 from O, the have For equilibrium position, 2. Experimental Methods for Matacentric Height Consider a floating in water with its top surface horizontal as shown in figure 1.45. Let a small movable ma... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Solved Problems on Buoyancy and Floatation
Solved Problems on Buoyancy and Floatation: Fluid Properties and Flow Characteristics - Fluid Mechanics and Machinery Solved Problems on Buoyancy and Floatation Example - 87 A body weighs 190 N in air and 110 N what immersed in water. Find (i) Volume and (ii) Specific gravity of the body. Give data: Body weighs in air = 190 N Body weighs in immersed water = 110 N To find: (i) Volume (ii) Specific gravity of the body Solution: 1) The body weighing 110 N means that the tension in the cord is 110 N of shown in figure. During equilibrium Σρy = 0 w – T - Fb = 0 190 - 110 - Fb... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Hydraulic Turbines
A hydraulic turbine is a machine which converts the potential energy and kinetic energy possessed by water (hydraulic energy) into mechanical energy in the form the rotation of runner. HYDRAULIC TURBINES A hydraulic turbine is a machine which converts the potential energy and kinetic energy possessed by water (hydraulic energy) into mechanical energy in the form the rotation of runner. These are also called as water turbines. The mechanical energy turbine is further converted into electric energy by an electric generator which is directly coupled to the shaft of hydraulic turbin... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Turbines
Turbines are machines which converts fluid power to shaft power, which rotates generators to provide electric power. Depending upon the fluid used, the turbines are known as hydraulic turbines, steam turbines and Gas turbines. TURBINES INTRODUCTION Turbines are machines which converts fluid power to shaft power, which rotates generators to provide electric power. Depending upon the fluid used, the turbines are known as hydraulic turbines, steam turbines and Gas turbines. This chapter is confined to hydraulic turbines such as pelton wheel, Francis turbine and kaplan turbine. read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Comparison of Francis and Pelton Turbines
Comparison between Francis & Pelton turbine: Turbines - Fluid Mechanics and Machinery COMPARISON OF FRANCIS AND PELTON TURBINES Table 5.3 Comparison between Francis & Pelton turbine read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Comparison of Francis and Kaplan Turbine
Comparison between Francis & kaplan turbines: Turbines - Fluid Mechanics and Machinery COMPARISON OF FRANCIS AND KAPLAN TURBINE Table 5.4 Comparison between Francis & kaplan turbines read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Unit Quantities
The following are the three important unit quantities which must be studied under unit head: UNIT QUANTITIES In order to predict the behaviour of a turbine working under varying conditions of head, speed, output and gate opening, the results are expressed in terms of quantities which may be obtained when the head on the turbine is reduced to unity. The conditions of the turbine under unit head are such that the efficiency of the turbine remains un affected. The following are the three important unit quantities which must be studied under unit head: (1) Unit speed (2) Unit disc... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Specific Speed of Turbine
It is defined as the speed of a turbine which is identical in shape, geometrical dimensional, blade angle, gate opening etc., with the actual turbine but of such a size that it will develop unit power when working under unit head. SPECIFIC SPEED It is defined as the speed of a turbine which is identical in shape, geometrical dimensional, blade angle, gate opening etc., with the actual turbine but of such a size that it will develop unit power when working under unit head. It is denoted by the symbol Ns. The specific speed is used in comparing the different type of turbines as ev... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Characteristic curves of hydraulic turbines
Characteristics curves of a hydraulic turbines are the curves, with the help of which the exact behavior and performance of the turbine under different working condition can be known. CHARACTERISTIC CURVES OF HYDRAULIC TURBINES Characteristics curves of a hydraulic turbines are the curves, with the help of which the exact behavior and performance of the turbine under different working condition can be known. These curves are plotted from the result of the tests performed on the turbine under different working conditions. The important parameter which are varied during a test on ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Flow through Circular Conduits
A closed conduit, carrying fluid under pressure is called pipe. The terms pipe and duct are usually used interchangeably for sections. FLOW THROUGH CIRCULAR CONDUITS INTRODUCTION A closed conduit, carrying fluid under pressure is called pipe. The terms pipe and duct are usually used interchangeably for sections. In general flow sections of circular cross-sections are referred to as pipes when the fluid is a liquid and sections of non- circular cross section of ducts when the fluid is a gas. Small diameter pipes are usually referred as tubes. 1. Flow Through Pipe Pipes are common... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Boundary Layer Concepts
During a fluid flow, layer of fluid which comes in contact with the boundary surface of solids body and adheres to it due to viscosity. BOUNDARY LAYER CONCEPTS 1. Introduction During a fluid flow, layer of fluid which comes in contact with the boundary surface of solids body and adheres to it due to viscosity. Viscosity is the of the most important property of fluid. The neglect of viscosity in fluid flow problems gives solutions in which are not applicable in real flow situations. In all real fluids flow cases the consideration of viscosity is important. However, the inclusion ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Turbulent Flow
When a fluid is flowing through a pipe it is observed beyond critical Reynolds number, the laminar flow becomes unstable. TURBULENT FLOW When a fluid is flowing through a pipe it is observed beyond critical Reynolds number, the laminar flow becomes unstable. Once instability sets in turbulence in the force of eddies speedy rapidly covering the entire flow region. In turbulant flow, the slow parameters such as pressure and velocity at any point in the flow medium are continuously fluctuating in a random manner. Usually the turbulant flow of fluids consider when pipes running full... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor3 weeks ago
Hydraulic Gradient line and Energy Gradient line
The study of the flow of fluids in pipes, the concepts of hydraulic gradient line and total energy line is very much important. HYDRAULIC GRADIENT LINE AND ENERGY GRADIENT LINE 1. Introduction The study of the flow of fluids in pipes, the concepts of hydraulic gradient line and total energy line is very much important. Its graphically represents the total loss of energy and loss of pressure head or piezometric head at different points of the pipe in direction of flow with respect to Datum line of from the centre line of the pipe. 2. Total Energy Line (TEL) (or) Energy Gradient L... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor4 weeks ago
Why Does A High Voltage Wire Make A Noise?
As you know, high voltage lines consist of 2 wires that pass current. These wires create a magnetic field on top of each other, and these magnetic fields cause a magnetic force to act on the wires. Since the current passing is alternating, that is, it is variable, this force also changes constantly with the current. This variable force causes the wires to oscillate. Here is the buzz we hear from the oscillation of the strings. It is based on alternating current. Alternating current varies according to the sine function (sine wave). So the main reason for this is the famous trigonom... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor4 weeks ago
Why Don’t Birds Sitting On Wires Get Electrocuted?
The reason birds don’t get electrocuted when sitting on power lines is because they are not completing the circuit that is required for electricity to flow. If a bird were to have one foot on the wire and the other foot on the ground or a different wire, the bird would be electrocuted because it would be acting as a conducting medium. Characters in the movies often end up with a blackened face and frizzy hair after coming in contact with a live wire charged with electricity. As observers, we laugh our hearts out at these ridiculous moments, but in real life, a live wire won’t be so... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor4 weeks ago
Transient Heat Transfer
Thanks To *Pratik* What is Transient heat transfer? The type of heat transfer in which, the temperature of the body changes with respect to time is known as transient heat transfer. It is also known as the Unsteady-state heat transfer. Therefore for transient heat transfer, dt∂τ��∂� ≠ 0 Where, dt = Change in temperature d𝜏 = Time interval In transient heat conduction, the temperature and rate of heat flow at a point change continuously with respect to time. Transient heat transfer examples: In real conditions, the heat transfer mostly takes place in a transient way. Here are s... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor4 weeks ago
Internal Combustion Engine: Working, Types, Efficiency
Thanks To *Pratik* Heat engines are the machine that converts the heat energy into the mechanical work. Based on the combustion process, these heat engines are classified as Internal combustion engines (ICE) and External combustion engines (ECE). In this article, we will discuss Internal combustion engines in detail. What is an Internal combustion engine? Internal combustion (I.C.) engines are heat engines in which the combustion process is carried out internally, i.e., inside the combustion chamber. The high-pressure gases arise during the combustion are then used to do some use... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor4 weeks ago
What causes a piston to break in an Engine?
A piston is a cylindrical metal part that moves up and down inside the cylinder of an engine. It is connected to the crankshaft by a connecting rod, and it compresses the air-fuel mixture in the combustion chamber, where it is ignited by a spark plug or a glow plug. The explosion of the mixture pushes the piston down, creating power and turning the crankshaft. The piston also transfers heat from the combustion chamber to the cylinder wall and the cooling system. A piston can break in an engine due to various reasons, such as: *Foreign object damage:* This is when a foreign object, ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor4 weeks ago
Why Do Diesel Engines Have A Depression In The Piston For The Combustion Chamber While Gasoline Engines Use Flat Pistons And Have A Depression In The Head Instead?
Petrol engines mix the fuel and air together and THEN ignite it Diesels have the fuel burning as it is injected This means that the fuel and the air have to find each other as it ignites - there is no time for it to mix That bowl in the piston is designed to make the air swirl - like a smoke ring - The injector is in the center and it will blast the fuel out of about six tiny nozzles to meet with the air swirling past That way the air and the fuel find each other in order to burn read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor4 weeks ago
What Is The Maximum Temperature The Human Body Can Reach?
The maximum temperature the human body can reach is typically around 108 to 109 degrees Fahrenheit (42.2 to 42.8 degrees Celsius). At this point, the body's thermoregulatory mechanisms are overwhelmed, and hyperthermia (elevated body temperature) can lead to serious medical conditions, including heat stroke. Prolonged exposure to high temperatures or engaging in strenuous physical activity in a hot environment can contribute to an increase in body temperature. It's important to note that sustaining a body temperature above 104 degrees Fahrenheit (40 degrees Celsius) for an extended... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor4 weeks ago
Why Do Diesel Engines Have To Use Turbo?
Actually, it doesn't have to be; there are lots of NA diesel engines in circulation and use, but most modern ones are turbocharged to produce more power with the same or smaller engine capacity. One common knock against diesel engines is their perceived lack of horsepower compared to gasoline engines. Diesel engines typically have lower RPM ranges, meaning they need more displacement (engine size) to achieve the same peak power as a gasoline engine. However, where they shine is in torque, offering more pulling power at lower revs. Think of it like lifting a heavy weight; a diesel e... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor4 weeks ago
Why do we return neutral to earth?
First, we have to debunk the assumption inherent in that question, which is that neutral does go to ground. It sometimes does, and sometimes does not, depending entirely on where you're working and what you're working on. The National Electric Code (NFPA 70) requires that neutral and ground be bonded at the main service entrance for residential eletrical service. English translation: the ground bus and neutral bus in your main panel are solidly tied together (typically via a bonding strap). This is done in this and only this location! Bonding ground and neutral again elsewhere in the... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor4 weeks ago
What is the difference between earthing and grounding?
Earthing: Earthing refers to the connection of electrical systems or equipment to the Earth's conductive surface. The purpose of earthing is to provide a safe path for electrical faults, such as short circuits or electrical leakage, to flow into the ground. Earthing helps protect people and property from electric shock and minimizes the risk of fire or equipment damage. In an electrical system, earthing typically involves connecting the non-current-carrying parts of electrical equipment, such as metal enclosures or casings, to the Earth using conductive materials, like copper rod... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor4 weeks ago
Why is it called a C-type charger?
A C-type charger, also known as a USB-C charger, is a type of connector that is used to charge electronic devices such as smartphones, laptops, and tablets. The "C" in USB-C stands for "Type-C", which refers to the shape of the connector. USB-C is a relatively new standard for charging and data transfer that was introduced in 2014. It was developed by the USB Implementers Forum (USB-IF), a group of companies that includes Apple, Google, HP, Intel, Microsoft, and others. The USB-C connector is smaller and more versatile than the older USB-A and USB-B connectors, which were larger a... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor4 weeks ago
20 Largest Electric SUVs (For Big Family & Long Trips) 2023
Source: quattroruote We can see a huge rise in the number of large electric SUVs as their demand is increasing nowadays. Since there are more choices than ever, it’s no surprise that it can be hard to find the best one. There are several excellent options available; for example, the Tesla Model X Plaid, which can accelerate from 0 to 60 mph in 2.3 seconds under ideal circumstances. Moreover, there are electric SUVs that can be driven in water as deep as four feet and on virtually any surface. If you’re seeking a full-size electric SUV, we’ve narrowed down some of the best SUVs a... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor4 weeks ago
The 30 Fastest Production Cars Ever Made!
Source: 21motoring Performance car manufacturers have long been drawn to the quest for peak speed, and this fascination persists even as the automotive industry enters the electric age. The “normal” sports cars and supercars just don’t cut it. Therefore, multi-million-pound hypercars keep pushing the limits of what’s possible in terms of speed. In the previous century, the quest to create the quickest car had seen autos grow slightly quicker than horses, reaching speeds of well over 100 mph in around two decades. In the 1950s, Aston Martin’s DB4 GT surpassed 150 mph, while in t... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor4 weeks ago
Top 20 Electric Supercars in 2023
The supercar is a mainstay of bedroom wall posters; it is the vehicle that many of us aspire to drive and buy one day. Electric supercars are now a reality, breaking all records for speed, acceleration, and beauty. Tesla is leading the way, proving that it is possible and that EVs do not have to be dull and slow. Even supercar manufacturers are now producing all-electric vehicles. Electric vehicles have much more torque and power than gasoline vehicles; best of all, they emit no pollution. Modern-day electric supercars offer thrilling performance, an enjoyable driving experienc... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor4 weeks ago
30 Most Rare Cars In The World | Beauty and Elegance
Source: automotivedesignplanet The world of rare and exotic cars has always fascinated car enthusiasts and collectors alike. These rare cars are not only a symbol of luxury and power but also represent a piece of automotive history that is preserved for future generations. Rare cars hold immense value in the automotive world, with their unique designs, limited production runs, and historical significance making them highly sought-after by car lovers. The rarity of these cars adds an extra level of allure and mystique. These cars are not only rare, but they are also iconic and ha... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor4 weeks ago
How Many Bugattis Are In The World?
Since its debut in 1905, Bugatti has been a leading manufacturer of high-end sports cars. The French company makes luxury vehicles that may cost tens of millions of dollars. So how many Bugattis are there in the world? Since the Volkswagen Group bought Bugatti in 1998, the company has sold over 1000 cars across the world. Models like the Veyron and Chiron have sold by the hundreds, while others, like the Centodieci, were in limited production. Bugatti also produced several one-off models. Getting your hands on a Bugatti is a huge accomplishment because the process may take yea... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor4 weeks ago
Devel 16 Car | The Ultimate Hypercar of the Future
If you are a fan of high-performance cars, then you have probably heard of the Devel 16. This hypercar is one of the most talked-about vehicles in the automotive world and for a good reason. The Devel 16 is the ultimate dream car for those who crave speed and power. The Devel 16 is a concept car that is stated to have a 5,000-horsepower engine, accelerates from 0 to 60 mph in 1.8 seconds, and goes as fast as 364 mph (586 km/h). The car development work seems to have picked up in 2021/22. Its announced price is $1.7 million and it looks like a full launch is coming soon. The de... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor4 weeks ago
Top 20 Concept Cars of All Time
What characteristics distinguish a fantastic concept car? Concept vehicles are futuristic models representing the next automotive design and innovation phase. Most concept vehicles are somewhat idealistic, but the best ones inspire enthusiasm and give us a peek at the future of transportation. Additionally, if they seem excellent, that is just a plus. Welcome to the fascinating world of concept automobiles, where creativity and engineering converge. We urge you to read this article to learn more about the cutting-edge world of concept automobiles, where producers test the limit... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor4 weeks ago
15 Coolest Concept Cars
There aren’t many things in the automotive sector that thrill gearheads more than concept cars. Concept cars provide a perfect platform for automotive designers and engineers to test out some of their wildest ideas because they are not subject to any regulations set by various regulatory bodies, or even the laws of physics in some cases. While most concept cars are never produced, some of them turn out to be among the best modern vehicles when they are produced by manufacturers. Over the years, automakers have unveiled a number of outstanding concept cars. In this article, we w... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor4 weeks ago
Adsorption in Waste Water
[image: adsorption process in wastewater treatment, methods to remove pollutants from water, advantages and disadvantages of adsorption in wastewater treatment, natural adsorbents for wastewater treatment] What is adsorption in waste water? Adsorption with active carbon is frequently used as tertiary purification for the removal of organic micropollutants and COD from wastewater, as well as metals in organic complexes to a lesser extent. The adsorption factor is determined by various groups and compounds in the substances to be removed. Description of the method and installation ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor4 weeks ago
What is the reason behind cars having a 4 or 6 cylinder engine?
The choice between a 4 or 6 cylinder engine in cars often comes down to a balance between performance, fuel efficiency, and cost. Here are some reasons behind the prevalence of these cylinder configurations: 1. Power and Performance: Generally, the more cylinders an engine has, the more power it can produce. A 6-cylinder engine typically offers better performance compared to a 4-cylinder engine due to having more cylinders firing, which generates more power. 2. Smoothness: Engines with more cylinders tend to run more smoothly because they have more power stroke... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor4 weeks ago
Casio fx-991MS Tips and Tricks
Introduction The Casio fx-991MS is an affordable scientific calculator with many powerful features. Some of these can greatly reduce the effort to solve problems, while others can be abused in interesting and fun ways. Being able to use these features can also be helpful on tests and exams where scientific calculators are allowed but more powerful graphing calculators are not. On this page, I will show you some advanced and clever tricks that you can do with the calculator. Although the article is for the Casio fx-991MS calculator (and all the tricks mentioned here are guaranteed... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor4 weeks ago
What do MC, MR, MS, M+, and M- in calculators do?
MC, MR, MS, M+, and M- are commonly found on calculators and are used for memory functions: - MC (Memory Clear): Clears the memory. - MR (Memory Recall): Recalls the value stored in the memory. - MS (Memory Store): Stores the displayed value in the memory. - M+ (Memory Add): Adds the displayed value to the value already in the memory. - M- (Memory Subtract): Subtracts the displayed value from the value already in the memory. These functions are useful for temporarily storing values during calculations. The buttons can be handy for doing repeated calculations wit... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor4 weeks ago
Untitled
*ஆண்களுக்கு முடி ஏன் விழ ஆரம்பிக்கிறது, காரணம் தெரிந்தால் வழுக்கை வராமல் காப்பாற்றப்படுவீர்கள் என்பதை ஆரம்பத்திலேயே தெரிந்து கொள்ள வேண்டியது அவசியம்* இன்றைய காலக்கட்டத்தில் முடி உதிர்தல் என்பது ஆண்களின் பொதுவான பிரச்சனையாக மாறி வருகிறது. ஆண்களுக்கு 20-25 வயதிலிருந்தே முடி வேகமாக உதிரத் தொடங்குகிறது. எல்லாவற்றிற்கும் மேலாக, இதற்கு என்ன காரணம்? காரணங்களில் கவனம் செலுத்தினால், முடி உதிர்வதைத் தடுக்கலாம். 30-35 ஆண்டுகளுக்குப் பிறகு, ஒரு நாளில் 50-60 முடிகள் உதிர ஆரம்பித்தால், அது ஒரு நோயல்ல. இது வயது அதிகரிக்கும் போது நடக்கும் ஆனால் இன்றைய சூழ்நிலையில் 20 வயது முதல் 25 வயது வரை மு... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor4 weeks ago
Pipe Fittings
Used in Cast Iron pipes, The C.I Pipes are made with one end normal and other end enlarged, Normal end is called the spigot end. PIPE FITTINGS Requirements of jointing material (i) Imperviousness (ii) Elasticity (iii) Strength (iv) Durability (v) Adhesiveness (vi) Workability (vii) Economy (viii) Availability Different types of joints are: (i) Spigot and socket joint (ii) Flanged joint (iii) Mechanical joint or Dresser coupling (iv) Flexible joint (v) Expansion joint (vi) Simplex joint (i) Spigot and Socket joint • Used in Cast Iron pipes • The C.I Pipes are ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor4 weeks ago
Aerators of Flash Mixers
It is an important unit operation of gas transfer. In this process, water is brought in intimate contact with air, so as to absorb oxygen and to remove carbon dioxide gas. AERATORS OF FLASH MIXERS • It is an important unit operation of gas transfer. • In this process, water is brought in intimate contact with air, so as to absorb oxygen and to remove carbon dioxide gas. Objectives of aeration are: (i) It removes tastes and odours caused by gases due to organic decomposition. (ii) It increases the dissolved oxygen in water. (iii) It removes the hydrogen sulphide and odour pr... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor4 weeks ago
Coagulation and Flocculation
The very fine suspended and colloidal particles in water do not settle under gravity In plain sedimentation thanks. Such particles can however, be removed by increasing their size and mass i.e., by changing them into flocculated particles. COAGULATION AND FLOCCULATION The very fine suspended and colloidal particles in water do not settle under gravity In plain sedimentation thanks. Such particles can however, be removed by increasing their size and mass i.e., by changing them into flocculated particles. To achieve this chemicals called coagulants. are added to water which forms ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor4 weeks ago
Operating Principles of Sand filters in Water treatment
To remove very fine suspended and colloidal particles that do not settle in th sedimentation process. To remove dissolved impurities in water. To remove pathogenic bacteria from water.on (iv) To remove colour, odour, turbidity in water. SAND FILTRATION The process of passing the water through the beds of granular materials (filters) known as filtration. Purpose of filtration : (i) To remove very fine suspended and colloidal particles that do not settle in th sedimentation process. (ii) To remove dissolved impurities in water. (iii) To remove pathogenic bacteria from water.on ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor4 weeks ago
Which engine is more powerful Diesel or petrol?
First of all let me make one thing clear that when an engine is stated to have a specific power or torque, these are the peak values on the power or torque curves. These are just one point on the respective curves and basically mean that when engine will run at that specific RPM, it will produce maximum power or torque, as the case may be. At any other RPM, power and torque will be less than this stated peak value. The graph below represents an engine with 110 kW power at 5500 RPM and 236 NM of torque at 3600 RPM. At other RPMs (which is the case most of the time when driving), bo... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor5 weeks ago
Clarifiers Systems
Clarifiers are required where ever the Suspended solids in raw/waste water are higher in concentration. Almost all treatment plant (Clarifiers) sedimentation tanks of circular or sometimes rectangular design. Clarifiers work on the principle of gravity settling. The heavier suspended solids settle in the clarifier due to the quiescent conditions provided in the Clarification zone. The settled solids are swept to the centre well provided for collection of sludge with help of moving scraper blades. Many a times the natural settling is enhanced by addition of coagulant & polyelectrol... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor5 weeks ago
Operational principles and Design criteria of Clarifiers
CLARIFIERS FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT Clarifiers are settling tanks built with mechanical means for continuous removal of solids being deposited by sedimentation. Clarification is the oldest and most widely used operation in the effective treatment of wastewater. A clarifier is generally used to remove solid particulates or suspended solids from liquid for clarification and (or) thickening by gravitational settling. These are classified into primary and secondary. This also used grits and solids removal, removal of oil and grease. A primary wastewater treatment system includes two t... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor5 weeks ago
Operational principles and Design criteria of Flash mixers
What is wastewater treatment? The chemical and physical treatment of wastewater is a complex process, which consists in conveying it into public sewers or the environment without polluting. The chemical-physical treatment is part of the process and is divided into various mechanical, physical, and chemical stages: - flash mixing - coagulation - flocculation High-quality agitation solutions ensure high-quality output water. That’s why PRO-DO-MIX® has developed a complete range of agitators suitable for all water-treatment stages, including flash mixing, coagulation, and ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor5 weeks ago
Scrubber – Definition, Working, Types
A scrubber is a cleaning installation whose main purpose is to neutralize harmful components in industrial air or waste gas streams. The removal of gas particles causing many problems from the gas stream during the process is necessary before disposing of the gases in the open air. Traditionally, the term “scrubber” is being referred to pollution control devices which are using liquid to wash unwanted pollutants from a gas stream. Scrubber systems such as chemical scrubbers, gas scrubbers are a diverse group of air pollution control devices. In this article, we will study the scru... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor5 weeks ago
Water Sampling – Field Equipment and Techniques
Sampling equipment is equipment which is used to remove small amounts of something for analysis and monitoring. Samplers Dugouts and Ponds Samples from dugouts or ponds may be taken directly from the source or from a faucet or valve supplied by the water body. Although it is more convenient to sample from a faucet or valve this is not always desirable. Depending on the goal of the analysis it may be better to sample directly from the source even when a faucet is available. The following devices can be used to obtain water samples directly from the dugout or pond. Sampling Iron A... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor5 weeks ago
CME366 Equipment for Pollution Control - Syllabus( Regulation 2021)
*CME366 EQUIPMENT FOR POLLUTION CONTROL * COURSE *OBJECTIVES:* 1 To study the pollution control regulation and standards, water and wastewater. 2 To study the equipment for various water pollution. 3 To study the equipment for air pollution control. 4 To study the equipment for solid waste processing 5 To study the pollution monitoring equipment *UNIT* *–* *I* *POLLUTION* *CONTROL* *REGULATIONS* *AND* *STANDARDS* *9* Pollutants in water and wastewater – sources and impa... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor5 weeks ago
When should you put a fuel injector cleaner in your car?
Certainly! Adding a fuel injector cleaner to your car can be beneficial for maintaining fuel system health and improving performance. Here's when and why you should consider using a fuel injector cleaner: 1. Regular Maintenance: - It's a good practice to use a fuel injector cleaner as part of your regular vehicle maintenance routine. - Adding it every 3,000 to 5,000 miles (4,800 to 8,000 kilometers) can help prevent carbon buildup and keep your fuel system clean. 2. Symptoms of Fuel System Issues: - If you notice symptoms like rough idling, reduced fuel efficiency,... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor5 weeks ago
What are the symptoms of kidney issues?
Kidney issues can manifest in various ways, and the symptoms can vary depending on the specific condition affecting the kidneys. However, some common symptoms of kidney problems include: 1. Changes in urination: This can include changes in frequency, urgency, color, or odor of urine. Symptoms may include:Increased frequency of urination, especially at night (nocturia)Decreased urine outputBlood in the urine (hematuria)Foamy or bubbly urinePain or burning during urination 2. Swelling: Swelling (edema) can occur, particularly in the legs, ankles, feet, face, or han... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor5 weeks ago
Why does a Capacitor allow AC but not DC?
A capacitor is two plates next to each other with a gap in between. When you hook it up to a current, the plates will begin to accumulate charge until they are "full". This happens fairly quickly, but not instantaneously. If you're using DC current, the current will stop when the capacitor is fully charged. Current can't flow in between the gap of the plates. AC current switches polarity continuously. It does this faster than it takes the capacitor to fully charge. Before the capacitor is "full", the polarity is switched and the capacitor will change the polarity of the plates as... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor5 weeks ago
Which Toyota Engine Is The Most Reliable?
When it comes to reliability in the automotive world, Toyota has built a reputation that is second to none. As a brand known for producing vehicles that stand the test of time, choosing the most reliable Toyota engine becomes a journey through a lineage of engineering excellence. In this comprehensive exploration, we delve into the factors that contribute to Toyota's reliability legacy, the standout engines that have earned their place in the spotlight, and the considerations that guide drivers seeking the most trustworthy powerplants. Introduction: The Bedrock of Reliability Toy... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor5 weeks ago
What Happens If An Engine Runs Too Cold?
An engine runs too cold when it does not reach its optimal operating temperature, which is usually around 200°F (93°C) for most engines. The optimal operating temperature is important because it ensures that the engine components are properly lubricated, the fuel is burned efficiently, and the harmful emissions are reduced. There are several reasons why an engine may run too cold, such as:A faulty thermostat that is stuck open and allows the coolant to circulate constantly, preventing the engine from warming up. A faulty engine coolant temperature sensor sends incorrect signals to ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor5 weeks ago
What Foods Destroy Testosterone?
As a Doctor of Medicine, I can provide information on how certain dietary factors may potentially influence testosterone levels. It's important to note that while diet can play a role in hormone regulation, individual responses to specific foods can vary, and overall lifestyle factors also contribute significantly to hormonal balance. *1. Processed Foods and Sugars:* Processed foods, especially those high in refined sugars and carbohydrates, may contribute to insulin resistance. Insulin resistance has been associated with lower testosterone levels. High sugar intake can also lead t... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor5 weeks ago
Automatic Gear Shift Lever Symbols: What Do They Mean?
Have you ever driven a ride with an automatic transmission? If so, you may have noticed unfamiliar symbols on the dashboard next to the speedometer. Letters and numbers like "N," "L," and "P" can seem confusing, but don't worry – we're here to help! In this post, I will explain each symbol and how to use them efficiently while driving. So, pull up a seat, buckle your seatbelt, and let's get started! Making It Easy for Y'all When you're driving a car with an automatic transmission, you'll notice several letters and numbers on the gear shift. These symbols indicate different gears... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor5 weeks ago
Sensible heat vs Latent heat
The main differentiating point for the sensible heat vs latent heat is that the latent heat is responsible for the change in phase of the substance while the sensible heat is responsible for the change in temperature of the substance. Latent heat (Non sensible heat): The amount of heat required for the change in phase of the substance is known as Latent heat. The latent heat can be classified into three types: A) Latent heat of fusion/melting: [image: latent heat of melting and fusion] The amount of heat responsible for the change in phase of the substance from solid to liquid or f... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor5 weeks ago
Wien’s displacement law: Statement, Derivation, Formula
What is Wien’s displacement law? Wien’s displacement law states that the wavelength with the peak emissive power is inversely proportional to the temperature of the black body. This law gives the relation between the temperature of the radiating black body and peak wavelength (wavelength with peak emissive power, λm��). The wavelength at which the black body emits maximum monochromatic emissive power is decreases with an increase in the absolute temperature (T) of the black body. The German physicist Wilhelm Wien found a relationship between these two terms that says, λm∝1T��∝1... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor5 weeks ago
Habits That Will Destroy Your Car’s Engine
[image: Engine Destroying Habits Featured] Like all machines, cars also need care and maintenance to work efficiently. Among the various parts that come together to form a car, engine acts like the heart. It supplies power to the wheels and is also one of the most sophisticated bit of machine part in a car. Though it is built to tolerate a fair amount of abuse and run trouble-free for long, it has limits which restrict its function. There are many practices which are often not known by drivers and affect the engine in a negative way. Here are 5 most common things which you may b... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor5 weeks ago
ME3691 HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER - Syllabus(Regulation 2021)
COURSE OBJECTIVES 1. To Learn the principal mechanism of heat transfer under steady state and transient conditions. 2. To learn the fundamental concept and principles in convective heat transfer. 3. To learn the theory of phase change heat transfer and design of heat exchangers. 4. To study the fundamental concept and principles in radiation heat transfer. 5. To develop the basic concept and diffusion, convective di mass transfer. UNIT – I CONDUCTION General Differential equation – Cartesian, Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates – One Dimensional Steady State Heat Conduction... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor5 weeks ago
GE8152 - ENGINEERING GRAPHICS - pdf NOTES
*GE8152 - ENGINEERING GRAPHICS* *eg_unit_1_notes.pdf*Download File ------------------------------ *eg_unit_1_introduction.pdf*Download File ------------------------------ *eg_unit_1assignment_1.doc*Download File ------------------------------ *eg_unit_2_notes.pdf*Download File ------------------------------ *eg_unit_1_conic_sections.pdf*Download File ------------------------------ *eg_unit_2assignment_2.doc*Download File ------------------------------ *eg_unit_3_notes.pdf*Download File ------------------------------ *unit_2_orthographic_projection.pdf*Download File ---------------------... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor5 weeks ago
Run Flat Tires: How They Work
Though they first appeared in the mid-1980s, run flat tires (RFT) are now more popular than ever. With some auto manufacturers making them standard in new vehicles, more consumers are asking about run flats, their advantages, and how using them impacts driving. *WHAT ARE RUN FLAT TIRES?* Run flat tires are tires on which you can continue driving after a puncture so you can take time get to an auto shop or find a safe, level area to change your tire. You can’t drive on them indefinitely, though. Check the manufacturer’s specifications to find out how fast and how far you can drive... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Omega 1: The Piston-Less near Zero Emissions Engine
A fantastic turbo engine has been built by a small US startup business. Cars, ships, and airplanes might all benefit from the engine’s capabilities. Astron Aerospace’s Omega 1 is an entirely original idea for an internal combustion engine, and when I say original, I mean it. When I initially saw the photos, I couldn’t understand what was going on. It appeared to be a stack of turbines, but it wasn’t. My first reaction was to assume it was some type of rotary engine, but it isn’t anything like the rotaries we’ve seen so far. It’s a clever idea. Let’s find out why it is? What is ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
How Gas Pump Nozzles Know When to Stop?
Have you ever wondered how a petrol pump nozzle magically knows when to stop filling your car? Lets delve into the inner workings of this seemingly simple device to uncover the ingenious mechanisms behind its automatic shut-off feature. Forget complex electronics – the secret lies in two clever, entirely mechanical principles: the Venturi effect and a series of levers. Dissecting the Mystery: Instead of dissecting a real nozzle, which wouldn’t be very safe, the video uses custom-built models to illustrate each mechanism separately. This makes it easier to visualize the intricat... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Discover 1953 Ford Trucks: Engineered for Driver Comfort
The 1953 Ford truck campaign employed humor to underscore a significant selling point of that era. In 1953, Ford’s major truck lines—the Ford F-Series conventional, the C-Series cab forward, and the T-Series tandem axle—all featured a revamped and modernized cab. This redesigned cab, as emphasized in the campaign, was engineered with a primary focus on driver comfort, a concept humorously coined as being “driverized.” Historically, truck cabs were often an afterthought, with manufacturers prioritizing elements like reliability, powertrain options, and operational efficiency. Th... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Under the Hood: The Engineering Visuals of 1956 Continental Mark II
It is only fitting to commence this video feature with an image of William Clay Ford, the driving force behind the Continental Mark II. As the son of Edsel Ford, grandson of Henry Ford, and the father of the current Chairman of the Board, William Clay Ford Jr., Bill Ford played a pivotal role in leading the newly established Continental Division. This division had a singular mission: to create the Continental Mark II, distinctly branded as a Continental rather than a Lincoln. At the young age of 27, Bill Ford assembled a team of automotive talents at the Continental Division, i... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Lycurgus Cup – The Ancient Roman Nanotechnology Color Changing Cup
The “Lycurgus Cup” is one of the first to implement nanotechnology throughout history. Modern science has demonstrated exactly how advanced the processes behind the cup’s manufacture were, even if it is doubtful if the makers realized the explanation for the extraordinary optical qualities of the cup. This cup has a unique feature that makes it change its color with the change of the light direction or intensity. How did this cup perform such a stunning task? And was nanotechnology used in its manufacturing process? Did the ancient Romans discover this technology at that time, ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Discover Pythagorean Cup, The Oldest Engineering Trick In History
Playing tricks on people is nothing new. Throughout history, people have set each other up for funny pranks. One of those things that never goes out of style is the Pythagorean Cup. Pythagoras, the ancient Greek philosopher and mathematician, is responsible for one of history’s most memorable practical jokes. Pythagoras, the Greek mathematician, best known for his eponymous theorem, is also known for creating the Pythagorean Cup, a clever prank that has been fooling people for centuries. Who said mathematicians couldn’t have a sense of humor? Even now, many are fooled by the cl... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
This is Why Electric Cars will NOT be the Future!
It’s easy to get the sense that electric vehicles are clearly the way of the future just by walking in the town. As a result of Tesla’s rapid share price rise, Elon Musk momentarily became the richest man on Earth, and the firm declared its first profitable year since its inception in 2003. Charging stations and solar farms are also being installed by municipalities, which are also expanding their fleets of Evs. Ford and GM, as well as direct competitors to Tesla, like Lucid, are committing to phase out gasoline-powered vehicles and solely create electric vehicles from as early... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
From Our Bones to Bridges: Is Tensegrity the Future of Design?
Have you ever encountered a table held together solely by wires, seemingly defying gravity and common sense? That’s the magic of tensegrity, a captivating structural principle where compression and tension work in harmony to create surprisingly strong and adaptable forms. Dive into this fascinating world as we explore the mechanics of tensegrity with simple 2D models and then venture into real-world applications like bridges and even the human body! Building with the Dance of Forces: Imagine a structure where rigid rods are squeezed (in compression) and held in place by stretch... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
The stunning engineering behind Tensegrity explained !
In the building industry, Tensegrity Structures are an interesting development. Buckminster Fuller, the famed architect, was no exception to the rule that architects are constantly in search of the challenging and unique. His experiments with various architectural and structural concepts resulted in one of the smartest advancements in the building industry: Tensegrity, which he named the “fuller world.” In human bodies, the spine is the closest and most straightforward example of a tensegrity structure. When it comes to constructing structure systems, compression force is the m... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
This is How this Engine Uses Both Gasoline & Diesel!
Source: Engineering Explained / YouTube We’ve always talked about comparisons between diesel and gasoline engines. And why is this engine better at this point and how the other engine excels at another point. However, we haven’t heard before about an engine that tries to use both fuels to gain the most of them. We know that diesel is more efficient and provides more torque; however, gasoline is more powerful and provides more speed and horsepower. So why not combine the two?! This is the Super-Efficient RCCI Engine that uses both Gasoline and Diesel! How does this engine work? ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
5 Reasons Why Diesel Engines Make More Torque Than Gasoline
As much fun as horsepower might be, torque can be just as much fun. The more torque you have, the easier it will be to remove stumps from the ground. ‘ As a result, a diesel engine is most likely your preferred choice. A diesel engine’s torque is unmatched when compared to that of its gasoline cousin. What’s the reason behind this? #1 Compression ratioSource: pakwheels The compression ratio is the first factor to consider. During the combustion cycle of a gasoline engine, the piston goes up and down and comes to a halt just short of the top of the cylinder. In contrast, the pis... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
This is Why Diesel is Mostly used in Military Vehicles
Source: U.S. Army You must have noticed once that almost every military land vehicle, especially humvees (High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle), uses diesel as their primary fuel. Yes, I know the traditional answers would be: because diesel provides more torque, it is more efficient, it is cheaper, and so on… But there is still one important thing that makes diesel a better choice for military humvees. It is the underwater advantage! Military humvees would have extremely tough missions in places with rivers and lakes, and they need to pass through them. And here comes a b... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Will Driving on Low Fuel Damage Your Car?
Everyone who has ever driven for any duration of time has experienced the frustration of running out of gas. Either a family member or friend ran out of fuel at an unexpected moment, or you went through the painful experience yourself. Running out of gas is not only frustrating and perhaps embarrassing, but it may also be extremely harmful to your vehicle. No matter how many times you’ve heard it, never let your automobile run out of gas. There are several reasons behind this. Fuel Pump Damage The fuel pump’s duty is to transport gasoline from the fuel tank via a fuel filter t... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
8 Best Dually Trucks In 2023
A heavy-duty vehicle or pickup truck with two wheels on either side of the rear axle is called a dually truck or a dual rear wheel (DRW) truck. Due to their increased stability and tow capacity, dually trucks are frequently used to transport big loads and pull trailers. Dual trucks often have broader rear fenders to accommodate the added wheels, and their tires are typically thinner than single-wheel trucks. Additionally, by more uniformly distributing the load’s weight across the rear axle, this design enhances stability and lowers the chance of a blowout. Construction, agric... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Top 9-Passenger Vehicles For 2023
The market for nine-passenger vehicles shines brightly in areas where carrying prominent families or groups of passengers is essential. Navigating through the maze of options to unearth the latest and most suitable models is essential for anyone seeking to harmonize capacious interiors with their distinct lifestyle. These SUVs and Vans surpass the simple idea of transportation by fusing expansive interiors with cutting-edge features to provide a comfortable and valuable experience. These nine-passenger SUVs and Vans are a tribute to the skill of fusing usefulness with beauty, m... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
7 Best 9-Passenger Vehicles For 2024
*Source: motortrend* If you frequently have large groups to transport, a nine-seater car can be ideal. There are three rows of seats in these cars, and each bench can fit three people. Although the 9-seater vehicle market is very small, various manufacturers are currently competing in it with full-size vehicles that have the desirable 9-seat capacity. Let’s break it down: here are some of the best vehicles giving you that 9-seater goodness. Top Picks For 20247. 2024 GMC Savana Starting at $42,595 *Source: edmunds* Searching for a cutting-edge powertrain and stylish, modern van? ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
25 Parts Of A Ship Explained
*Parts of a ship* Do you have an interest in ships? If yes, have you ever wondered what ships are built of and what their primary components are? A ship is comprised of steel and composite materials. The parts of a ship can be divided either as visible or invisible structural parts. The most visible sections of a ship are the rudder, anchor, bow, keel, accommodation, propeller, mast, bridge, hatch covers, and bow thrusters, and there are numerous other parts that are also visible. On the other hand, the ship’s invisible structural components include bulkheads, frames, cargo hol... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
The Mystery of the Gluggle Jug
Have you ever encountered the playful Gluggle Jug, known for its comical gurgling as you pour water? Intrigued by its secret melody, I embarked on a journey to unveil the physics behind the fun. This article delves into my investigation, where we’ll explore bubbles, resonance, and even smash a jug (metaphorically, of course!). Seeking the Glug Source: Initially, I suspected a connection to the “bottle smash” phenomenon, where striking the top of a bottle can shatter the bottom due to water inertia and cavitation bubbles. While fascinating, I realized it wasn’t the answer for t... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Study on RDBMS and its Application
*EX NO: **Study on RDBMS and its Application * *DATE:* A *Relational Database Management System* (RDBMS) is a collection of programs and capabilities that enable IT teams and others to create, update, administer and otherwise interact with a relational database. RDBMSes store data in the form of tables, with most commercial relational database management systems using Structured Query Language (SQL) to access the database. However, since SQL was invented after the initial development of the relational model, it is not necessary for RDBMS use. The RDBMS is t... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Is drinking water right before sleeping good or bad?
The question of whether to drink water before bedtime has prompted discussions about its potential impact on health. Let's explore the advantages and drawbacks in detail to assist you in making an informed decision that aligns with your well-being. - The Benefits of Hydrating Before Bed: 1. Promotes Hydration: Consuming water before sleep serves as a strategic approach to maintaining optimal hydration levels throughout the night. Adequate hydration is vital for supporting essential bodily functions, including circulation, digestion, and the transportation of nutrients. 2. Temp... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Hard pills you must swallow to live happy life
1. Everyone can’t like you. 2. You can’t escape bad days, you can only strive to prevent and prepare. 3. Some of your beloved will hurt you at some point. 4. You will lose people who are dear to you. 5. Greatness doesn’t come easy. 6. The world won’t support you until you’re closer to greatness. 7. Most people will only love you conditionally. 8. You may not get to live long, make use of every moment. 9. You determine your happiness, I don’t, nobody does. read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Unit IV: Non-Metallic Materials - Review and Summary
In this unit, the non-metallic materials—polymers, ceramics, and composites have been discussed in detail. REVIEW AND SUMMARY ✔ In this unit, the non-metallic materials—polymers, ceramics, and composites have been discussed in detail. ✔ Polymers are large, high-molecular-weight molecules produced by joining smaller molecules called monomers. ✔ Polymerisation is the process of forming a polymer by linking together of monomers. ✔ Two polymerisation mechanisms used are: 1. Addition polymerisation, and 2. Condensation polymerisation. ✔ Addition polymerisation, also known as chain... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Unit III: Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals - Review and Summary
This unit surveys the most commonly used ferrous and non- ferrous metals and their principal alloys for engineering applications. *REVIEW AND SUMMARY* ✓ This unit surveys the most commonly used ferrous and non- ferrous metals and their principal alloys for engineering applications. ✓ Ferrous alloys (steels and cast irons) are those in which iron is novig the prime constituent. ✓ Steels can be classified as follows: 1. Plain carbon steels (i) Low-carbon steels - Those contain less than 0.25% carbon. (ii) Medium-carbon steels - Those containing between 0.25 and 0.60% carbon. (ii... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Unit V: Mechanical Properties And Testing - Review and Summary
A number of the important mechanical properties of materials, predominantly metals, have been discussed in this unit. REVIEW AND SUMMARY ✔ A number of the important mechanical properties of materials, predominantly metals, have been discussed in this unit. ✔ Mechanical properties are those characteristics of material that describe its behaviour under the action of external forces. ✔ Some of the important mechanical properties are elasticity, plasticity, ductility, malleability, brittleness, hardness, tough- ness, stiffness, resilience, creep, endurance, strength, impact streng... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Unit V: Mechanical Properties And Testing - Self Assessment Questions
Self-Assessment Questions: Mechanical Properties And Testing - Engineering Materials and Metallurgy SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS Short Answer Type Questions On Mechanical Properties of Materials 1. What is meant by mechanical properties of materials? 2. Why is the designer usually more concerned with the mechanical properties of materials than with their physical properties? 3. Distinguish between elasticity and plasticity. 4. Differentiate between ductility and malleability. 5. Define the terms brittleness and hardness. 6. What do you mean by toughness and stiffness? 7. Define... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Mechanical Properties and Testing
Familiarize the various mechanical properties of materials. Mechanical Properties and Testing Learning Objectives While reading and after studying this chapter, you will be able to: ● Familiarize the various mechanical properties of materials. ● Understand how plastic deformations in metals occur by slip and twinning. ● Calculate the resolved shear stress in a plane inclined at a known angle to the axis of direct stress. ● Have a basic knowledge on various modes of fracture such as ductile, brit- tle, creep, and fatigue failure modes. ● Distinguish between ductile and brittle fr... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Mechanical Properties of Engineering Materials
There are many thousands of different engineering materials available today. UNIT - 5 Mechanical Properties And Testing “One good test is worth a thousand expert opinions." -Anonymous "Theory is the captain; Practice, the soldiers." - Leonardo Da Vinci MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS 1. PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS ✔ There are many thousands of different engineering materials available today. But they can be placed into one or other of the following categories: 1. Metals, 2. Polymers, 3. Ceramics and inorganic glasses, and 4. Composites. ✔ All materials exhibit ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Deformation of Metals
When force is applied on a metal piece, then the size and/or shape will be altered. DEFORMATION OF METALS 1. Introduction ✔ When force is applied on a metal piece, then the size and/or shape will be altered. Any changes in the size and/or shape of - the metal is called as deformation of the metal. ✔ Deformation is caused either by the mechanical action of external forces or by various physical and physiochemical processes. For example, changes in volume of separate crystallites in phase transformations are as a result of temperature gradient. ✔ The deformation can be either pe... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Mechanism of Plastic Deformation
The two modes of plastic deformation are: 1. Slip, and 2. Twinning. MECHANISM OF PLASTIC DEFORMATION (Modes of Plastic Deformation) The two modes of plastic deformation are: 1. Slip, and 2. Twinning. 1. Deformation by Slip ✔ Slip may be defined as the sliding of blocks of the crystal over one another along definite crystallographic planes called slip planes. ✔ In other words, slip represents a displacement of one part of the crystal relative to another along particular crystallographic planes and in certain crystallographic directions. The particular crystallographic planes are ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Fracture and its Prevention
Fracture is the mechanical failure of the material which will produce the separation or fragmentation of a solid into two or more parts under the action of stresses. FRACTURE AND ITS PREVENTION 1. What is Meant by Fracture? ✔ Fracture is the mechanical failure of the material which will produce the separation or fragmentation of a solid into two or more parts under the action of stresses. ✔ The understanding of various phenomenons of fracture is necessary to minimise and prevent the fracture. 2. Cause of Fracture The fracture is caused due to the presence of submicroscopic de... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Brittle Fracture
A brittle fracture may be defined as a fracture which takes place by the rapid propagation of crack with a negligible deformation. BRITTLE FRACTURE 1. What is Meant by Brittle Fracture? ✔ Brittle fracture defined: A brittle fracture may be defined as a fracture which takes place by the rapid propagation of crack with a negligible deformation. ✔ It may be noted that in amorphous materials such as glass, the fracture is completely brittle whereas in crystalline materials, the fracture occurs after a small deformation. ✔ In crystalline materials, the fracture takes place normal to... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Ductile Fracture
Ductile fracture may be defined as the fracture which takes place by a slow propagation of crack with appreciable plastic deformation. DUCTILE FRACTURE 1. What is Meant by Ductile Fracture? ✔ Ductile fracture defined: Ductile fracture may be defined as the fracture which takes place by a slow propagation of crack with appreciable plastic deformation. ✔ When a ductile specimen is subjected to tensile stress, the stress-strain curve can be obtained as shown in Fig.5.7. ✔ In Fig.5.7, at point F the fracture takes place. 2. Mechanism of Ductile Fracture ✓ The various stages in t... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Fatigue Fracture
Fatigue fracture defined: The fatigue fracture is defined as the fracture which takes place under repeatedly applied fatigue stresses. FATIGUE FRACTURE 1. What is Meant by Fatigue Fracture? ✔ Fatigue fracture defined: The fatigue fracture is defined as the fracture which takes place under repeatedly applied fatigue stresses. ✔ In other words, the behaviour of the materials subjected to fluctuating or repeated loads is called fatigue. ✔ Three main features that distinguishes the fatigue fracture are: (i) Loss of strength; (ii) Loss of ductility; and (iii) Increased uncertainty ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Creep Fracture
Creep defined: The creep is defined as the property of a material by virtue of which it deforms continuously under a steady load. CREEP 1. What is Meant by Creep? ✔ Creep defined: The creep is defined as the property of a material by virtue of which it deforms continuously under a steady load. ✔ In other words, creep can be defined as the permanent deformation of a material under a steady load as a function of time, usually at higher temperatures. ✔ The property of creep is important in: (a) The soft metals used at about room temperature such as lead coverings on telephone cab... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Mechanical Tests of Metals
Testing is an essential part of any engineering activity. Testing is applied to materials, components, and assemblies. MECHANICAL TESTS OF METALS 1. Introduction ✔ Testing is an essential part of any engineering activity. Testing is applied to materials, components, and assemblies. ✔ It consists of measurement of fundamental properties or measurement of responses to particular influences such as load, temperature, and corrodants. ✔ Why learn about mechanical testing? ■ The engineer and designer need to know the hardness, strength, and other characteristics of the materials the... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Tensile Test
The tensile test is one of the most widely used of the mechanical tests. TENSILE TEST ✔ The tensile test is one of the most widely used of the mechanical tests. ✔ A tensile test of a material is performed on ductile materials to determine tensile properties such as: (i) Limit of proportionality, (ii) Yield point or yield strength, (iii) Maximum tensile strength, (iv) Breaking strength, (v) Percentage elongation, (vi) Percentage reduction in area, and (vii) Modulus of elasticity. ✔ The tensile test is usually carried out with the help of a 'Universal Testing Machine' (UTM). ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Compression Test
The compression test is conducted in a manner similar to the tensile test, except that the force is compressive. COMPRESSION TEST ✔ The compression test is conducted in a manner similar to the tensile test, except that the force is compressive. ✔ Since brittle materials are unsuitable for tension test, therefore they are tested for compression. ✔ Brittle materials such as cast iron, concrete, mortar, brick and ceramics are commonly tested in compression. ✔ The compression test is also conducted on a universal testing machine. 1. Testing Procedure For compression tests, specime... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Shear Tests
There are two main types of test which may be used for the determination of the properties of a material in shear. SHEAR TESTS ✔ There are two main types of test which may be used for the determination of the properties of a material in shear. They are : 1. Test performed using a pure shear force↑, and 2. Test performed using the application of a torque to a cylindrical specimen i.e., torsion test. † Shear force simply means a tangential force. 1. Shear Test Using a Pure Shear Force ✔ Fig.5.17 illustrates the shear test, performed using a pure shear force. In this type, the f... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Hardness Tests
Hardness defined: Hardness may be defined as the ability of a material to resist scratching, abrasion, cutting or penetration. HARDNESS TESTS ✔ Hardness defined: Hardness may be defined as the ability of a material to resist scratching, abrasion, cutting or penetration. ✔ The hardness test is performed on a material to know its resistance against indentation and abrasion. 1. Types of Hardness Tests The three most commonly used hardness tests are : 1. Brinell hardness test, 2. Vickers hardness test, and 3. Rockwell hardness test. 2. Basic Common Principle The three hardness ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Brinell Hardness Test
One of the earlier standardised methods of measuring hardness was the Brinell test. BRINELL HARDNESS TEST ✔ One of the earlier standardised methods of measuring hardness was the Brinell test. ✔ In the Brinell test, a hardened steel ball indenter is forced into the surface of the metal to be tested. The diameter of the hardened steel (or tungsten carbide) indenter is 10 mm. Standard loads range between 500 kg and 3000 kg in 500 kg increments. During a test, the load is maintained constant for 10 to 15 seconds. 1. Testing Arrangement and Procedure ✔ A Brinell hardness testing ma... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Rockwell Hardness Test
The Rockwell hardness test is probably the most widely used methods of hardness testing. ROCKWELL HARDNESS TEST ✔ The Rockwell hardness test is probably the most widely used methods of hardness testing. ✔ The principle of the Rockwell test differs from that of the others in that the depth of the impression is related to the hardness rather than the diameter or diagonal of the impression, as shown in Fig.5.22. ✔ Rockwell test are widely used in industries due to its accuracy, simplicity and rapidity. In this test, the dial gives a direct reading of hardness; no need for measurin... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Impact Tests
The impact test is performed to study the behaviour of materials under dynamic load i.e., suddenly applied load. IMPACT TESTS ✔ The impact test is performed to study the behaviour of materials under dynamic load i.e., suddenly applied load. ✔ Impact strength defined: The capacity of a metal to withstand blows without fracture, is known as impact strength or impact resistance. ✔ The impact test indicates the toughness of the material i.e., the amount of energy absorbed by the material during plastic deformation. ✔ The impact test also indicates the notch sensitivity of a material.... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Fatigue Tests
Fatigue tests determine the resistance of material to repeated pulsating or fluctuating loads. FATIGUE TESTS ✔ Fatigue tests determine the resistance of material to repeated pulsating or fluctuating loads. ✔ Fatigue defined: The capacity of material to withstand repeatedly applied stresses is known as fatigue. ✔The resistance of a material to fatigue failure is characterised by its fatigue or endurance limit. ✔ The endurance limit or endurance strength is defined as the maximum stress which a specimen can endure without failure when this stress is repeated for a specified numb... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Creep Tests
Creep defined: The continuous deformation of a metal under a steady load is known as creep. CREEP TESTS ✓ Creep defined: The continuous deformation of a metal under a steady load is known as creep. ✓ The purpose of creep tests is to determine the creep limit. The creep limit or the limiting creep stress is defined as the stress that will not break the specimen when applied for an infinite period at a specific constant temperature. ✓ The creep tests require the measurement of four variables- stress, strain, temperature, and time. ✓ The creep tests are simply tension tests run a... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Unit III: Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals - Self Assessment Questions
Self-Assessment Questions - short answer type questions: Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals - Engineering Materials and Metallurgy *SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS* SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS On Ferrous Materials 1. What are metals? Classify engineering materials. 2. What are ferrous metals? Classify ferrous materials. 3. State three reasons why ferrous alloys are used extensively. 4. State three characteristics of ferrous alloys that limit their utilisation. On Steels 5. How can you specify a steel? What is the difference between 4140 steel and 4340 steel? 6. What are the three prim... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Unit IV: Non-Metallic Materials - Self-Assessment Questions
Self-Assessment Questions: Non-Metallic Materials - Engineering Materials and Metallurgy SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTONS SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS On Polymers 1. What are polymers? 2. List any four attractive characteristics of polymers. 3. Classify polymers. 4. Define the following terms: (i) Monomer, (ii) Homopolymer, (iii) Copolymer, and (iv) Linear polymer. 5. What is meant by isomerism? 6. What is meant by the term 'unsaturated molecule'? State its significance in plastics. 7. What is polymerisation? 8. Define the term 'degree of polymerisation'. 9. What is the diffe... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Non-Metallic Materials
UNIT - 4 Non-Metallic Materials Learning Objectives While reading and after studying this chapter, you will be able to: ● Appreciate and relate the properties and engineering applications of non-metallic materials with the metallic materials. ● Understand the differences between thermoplastic and thermosetting materials and how they are formed. ● Gain some knowledge of the properties and applications of some important thermoplastic and thermosetting plastic ma- terials. ● Understand how to select an appropriate plastic for an application. ● Have the basic knowledge about the cer... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Introduction of Non-Metallic Materials
In the previous unit, we have discussed about the ferrous and n ferrous materials that are widely used in engineering applications. *UNIT - 4* *Non-Metallic Material* “The important thing in science is not so much tổ obtain new fi as to discover new ways of thinking about the. - Sir William Lawrence Br NON-METALLIC MATERIALS 1. Introduction In the previous unit, we have discussed about the ferrous and n ferrous materials that are widely used in engineering applications. addition to these engineering materials, there are a number of n metallic materials which have substantial i... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Polymers
Almost all biological systems are built of polymers which not only perform mechanical functions (like wood, bone, cartilage, leather) but also contain and regulate chemical reactions (leaf, veins, cells). POLYMERS 1. Introduction Almost all biological systems are built of polymers which not only perform mechanical functions (like wood, bone, cartilage, leather) but also contain and regulate chemical reactions (leaf, veins, cells). People have used these natural polymers for thousands of years now. Modern scientific researches have made possible the development of numerous polymer... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Polymerisation
We have already discussed that the polymerisation is the process of forming a polymer by linking together of monomers. POLYMERISATION ✔ We have already discussed that the polymerisation is the process of forming a polymer by linking together of monomers. ✔ The polymerisation mechanism can be divided into two categories as : 1. Addition polymerisation, and 2. Condensation polymerisation. 1. Addition Polymerisation ✓ Addition polymerisation, also known as chain reaction polymerisation, is a process by which two or more chemically similar monomers are polymerised to form long cha... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Plastics
A plastic may be defined as an organic polymer, which can be moulded into any desired shape and size with the help of heat, pressure, or both. PLASTICS 1. What are Plastics? fatty acid amides, fluoro- dispersions, glycerides, petrolatum, etc. ✔ A plastic may be defined as an organic polymer, which can be moulded into any desired shape and size with the help of heat, pressure, or both. ✔ Nowadays plastics are extensively used in engineering appli- cations due to their important properties such as low price, colour range, toughness, water resistance, low electrical and thermal cond... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Commodity and Engineering Plastics
Sometimes, commodity plastics have their properties good enough for engineering applications. COMMODITY AND ENGINEERING PLASTICS As shown in Fig.4.1, both the thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics, in turn, can be classified, from the usage point of view, into two groups. They are : 1. Commodity plastics, and 2. Engineering plastics. 1. Commodity Plastics ✔ The widely used plastics are called as commodity plastics. ✔ Commodity plastics generally have lower cost. ✔ Most commodity plastics are used for throwaway items such as hot/cool drink cups, plastic bags, boxes, etc. ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Properties and Applications of some Thermoplastics
Some of the important thermoplastics, their trade names, properties, and typical applications are given in Table 4.4. PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS OF SOME THERMOPLASTICS Some of the important thermoplastics, their trade names, properties, and typical applications are given in Table 4.4. Following are some comments about several thermoplastics listed in Table 4.4. 1. Hydrocarbon Plastics The major hydrocarbon thermoplastic polymers are polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene. 1. Polyethylene (PE) ✓ Polyethylene, also known commonly as polythene, is made by the polymerisatio... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Properties and Applications of some Thermosetting plastics
Some of the important thermosetting plastics, their trade names, properties, and typical applications are given Table 4.5. PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS OF SOME THERMOSETTING PLASTICS Some of the important thermosetting plastics, their trade names, properties, and typical applications are given Table 4.5. Following are some comments about several thermosetting plastics listed in Table 4.5. 1. Phenolics Phenolics, also known as Bakelites, are the oldest family of thermosetting plastics. The most important phenolic materials is the polyformaldehydes. 1. Polyformaldehyde (PF) ✔ Phen... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Ceramics
The word 'ceramic' derives from the Greek 'keramos', which means "burnt stuff" or pottery. In earlier times, ceramic embraces only. ENGINEERING CERAMICS CERAMICS 1. Introduction The word 'ceramic' derives from the Greek 'keramos', which means "burnt stuff" or pottery. In earlier times, ceramic embraces only. earthenware, pottery and porcelain materials. House bricks, earthen ware pots and porcelain cups are everyday examples of the use of these traditional ceramic materials. However, today the word ceramic is applied to a much wider range of materials than those used to make th... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Engineering Ceramics
Engineering ceramics, are also known as technical/industrial ceramics or advanced ceramics, are those ceramics that are specially used for engineering applications or in industries. ENGINEERING CERAMICS 1. What are Engineering Ceramics ? ✓ Engineering ceramics, are also known as technical/industrial ceramics or advanced ceramics, are those ceramics that are specially used for engineering applications or in industries. ✔ Engineering ceramics are mainly oxides, carbides, sulphides, and nitrides of metals. 2. Characteristics of Engineering Ceramics Any ceramic can be said to be a... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
composites
There are many situations in engineering where no single material will be suitable to meet a particular design requirement. COMPOSITES 1. Introduction There are many situations in engineering where no single material will be suitable to meet a particular design requirement. For example, aerospace applications need materials that should have low densities, high strength and stiffness, good abrasive, impact and corrosion resistance. Such a combination of characteristics are not met by con- ventional metals, alloys, ceramics and polymeric materials. Fre- quently, strong materials ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Particle-reinforced composites
Consider a metal matrix with a fine distribution of secondary particles. PARTICLE-REINFORCED COMPOSITES ✓ Particle-reinforced composites, also known as particle com- posites or particulate composites, consist of particles of one material dispersed in a matrix of a second material. ✓ Consider a metal matrix with a fine distribution of secondary particles. Our object is to strengthen this matrix-mixture so that to obtain a composite material with superior characteristics. Since deformation in the matrix is accompanied by slip and dislocation movement, the degree of strengthening ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Fibre-reinforced composites
Fibre-reinforced composites are those in which the dispersed phase is in the form of a fiber. FIBRE-REINFORCED COMPOSITES ✔ Fibre-reinforced composites are those in which the dispersed phase is in the form of a fiber. ✔ In a fibre-reinforced composites, high-strength fibres are en- cased within a tough matrix. ✔ The functions of the matrix are : (i) to bond the fibres together, (ii) to protect them from damage, and (iii) to transmit the load from one fibre to another. ✔ The greatest reinforcing effect is obtained when fibres are continuous and parallel to one another, and ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Review and Summary - Unit III: Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals
This unit surveys the most commonly used ferrous and non- ferrous metals and their principal alloys for engineering applications. *REVIEW AND SUMMARY* ✓ This unit surveys the most commonly used ferrous and non- ferrous metals and their principal alloys for engineering applications. ✓ Ferrous alloys (steels and cast irons) are those in which iron is novig the prime constituent. ✓ Steels can be classified as follows: 1. Plain carbon steels (i) Low-carbon steels - Those contain less than 0.25% carbon. (ii) Medium-carbon steels - Those containing between 0.25 and 0.60% carbon. (ii... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals Learning Objectives While reading and after studying this chapter, you will be able to: ● Understand the principal effects on properties of the major alloying ele- ments used in steels. ● Analyse the basic structures and proper- ties of grey, white, malleable, and spher- oidal cast irons. ● Appreciate the structure, characteristics, and typical applications of alloy cast irons. ● Gain knowledge on the properties and applications of some important non-fer- rous metals such as copper and alumini- um, and their alloys. ● Study the heat-treating steps... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Engineering Materials
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals "Both the engineer and scientist are thoroughly educated in the mathematical and natural sciences, but the scientist primarily uses this knowledge to acquire new knowledge, whereas the engineer applies the knowledge to design and develop usable devices, structures and processes. In other words, the scientist seeks to know, the engineer aims to do." -A.R. Eide ENGINEERING MATERIALS 1. Introduction Materials are made up of matter. Materials are anything that have weight and occupy some space. An every increasing variety of materials is available, e... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Ferrous Materials
As we have discussed, the ferrous materials are those materials which contain-iron as their prime constituent. FERROUS MATERIALS 1. Introduction ✓ As we have discussed, the ferrous materials are those materials which contain-iron as their prime constituent. ✓ More than 90% by weight of the metallic materials used by human bein 's are ferrous materials. ✓ The ferrous metals are extensively used in engineering due to the following three factors: 1. Iron-based components are relatively abundant and are widely distributed throughout the world. 2. Ferrous materials can be produced... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Medium-Carbon Steels
Medium-carbon steels are those steels that have between 0.25 and 0.60% carbon. MEDIUM-CARBON STEELS 1. What are Medium-Carbon Steels? ✓ Medium-carbon steels are those steels that have between 0.25 and 0.60% carbon. ✓ The medium-carbon steels may be heat treated by austenitizing, quenching, and then tempering to improve their mechanical properties. 2. Characteristics of Medium-Carbon Steels The main properties of medium-carbon steels are as follows: 1. The plain medium-carbon steels have low hardenabilities. 2. In plain medium-carbon steels, the high strength and hardness propert... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
High-Carbon Steels
High-carbon steels are those steels that have more than 0.60% carbon. HIGH-CARBON STEELS 1. What are High-Carbon Steels? ✔ High-carbon steels are those steels that have more than 0.60% carbon. 2. Characteristics of High-Carbon Steels The important properties of high-carbon steels are given below: 1. High-carbon steels are the hardest, and strongest of the carbon steels. 2. They are the least ductile (i.e., more brittle) of the carbon steels. 3. They have more wear resistant. 4. They are capable of holding a sharp cutting edge (which is very important property for making tools).... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Low Alloy Steels
Low alloy steels are steels which contain upto 3 to 4% of one or more alloying elements. LOW ALLOY STEELS 1. What are Low Alloy Steels? ✓ Low alloy steels are steels which contain upto 3 to 4% of one or more alloying elements. ✓ They have similar microstructure and require similar heat treatments to that of the plain carbon steels. ondas of ✓ They are also referred as pearlitic alloy steels as the normalised structure contains the eutectoid pearlite. ✓ The presence of alloying elements provide enhanced properties such as increased strength without loss of toughness and increa... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
High Alloy Steels
High alloy steels are steels which contain more than 5% of one or more alloying elements. HIGH ALLOY STEELS 1. What are High Alloy Steels? ✔ High alloy steels are steels which contain more than 5% of one or more alloying elements. ✔They have different microstructure and require different heat treatments than that of the plain carbon steels. ✔ Their room temperature structures after normalising may be austenitic, martensitic or contain precipitated carbides. 2. Types of High-Alloy Steels Though there are several groups of high-alloy steels, the two important high-alloy steels a... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Effect of alloying Elements in Steels
In general, alloying elements are added to steel in small percentages-usually less than 5 percent-to improve strength or hardenability. EFFECT OF ALLOYING ELEMENTS IN STEELS ✓ In general, alloying elements are added to steel in small percentages-usually less than 5 percent-to improve strength or hardenability. Otherwise, alloying elements are added to steel in much larger amounts-usually upto 20 percent - to produce special properties such as corrosion resistance or stability at high or low temperatures. ✓ The properties of all steels (or all alloys) are determined by the kinds ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Stainless steels
Stainless steels are alloys of iron, chromium, and other elements that resist corrosion from many environments. STAINLESS STEELS 1. What are Stainless Steels? ✓ Stainless steels are alloys of iron, chromium, and other elements that resist corrosion from many environments. ✓ Stainless steels are also known as corrosion-resistant steels or chromium-bearing steels. 2. Effect of Cr on Stainless Steel ✓ All true stainless steel contain minimum of about 12% Cr. This 12% Cr permits a thin (but extremely dense) protective surface layer of chromium oxide to form when the steel is expose... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Tool Steels
Tools steels are metals used to make tools and dies for cutting, forming, or otherwise shaping a material into a component or part for a specific application. TOOL STEELS 1. What are Tool Steels? ✓ Tools steels are metals used to make tools and dies for cutting, forming, or otherwise shaping a material into a component or part for a specific application. ✓ In other words, tool steels are metals designed to provide wear resistance and toughness combined with high strength. ✓ They are basically high-carbon alloys, where the chemistry of provides the balance of toughness and wea... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
HSLA Steels
HSLA steels are nothing but high-strength low-alloy steels. HSLA STEELS 1. What are HSLA Steels? ✓ HSLA steels are nothing but high-strength low-alloy steels. ✓ HSLA steels, also known as micro-alloyed steels, are low- carbon steels containing small amounts of alloying elements. ✓ The primary purpose of HSLA steels is weight reduction through increased strength. ✓ These HSLA steels are widely used as structural or constructional alloy steels. ✓ For structural applications, high yield strength, good weldability, and corrosion resistance are most desired, with only limited duct... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Maraging Steels
Maraging steels are low-carbon, highly alloyed steels. MARAGING STEELS 1. What are Maraging Steels? ✓ Maraging steels are low-carbon, highly alloyed steels. ✓ These are very high-strength materials that can be hardened to obtain tensile strengths of upto 1900 MPa. ✓ Composition: Maraging steels contain 18% nickel, 7% cobalt, TS and small amounts of other elements such as titanium. The carbon content is low, generally less than 0.05. ✓ These compositions develop martensite upon cooling (usually by air quenching) from the austenitizing temperature. The martensite formed in these... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Cast Irons
As stated earlier, cast irons can be defined as the ferrous alloys en with greater than 2% carbon. CAST IRONS 1. Introduction ✓ As stated earlier, cast irons can be defined as the ferrous alloys en with greater than 2% carbon. They also contain small amounts of silicon, sulphur, manganese, and phosphorus. ✓ In principle, cast irons are eutectic alloys of iron and carbon. ✓ Cast irons are the least expensive of all metals. This is because iron is the second most plentiful metallic resource next to aluminium. ✓ As the name implies, molten cast iron can be cast into any complex sha... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Grey Cast Iron
Grey cast iron is the least expensive and the most common type of cast iron. GREY CAST IRON 1. What is Grey Cast Iron? ✓ Grey cast iron is the least expensive and the most common type of cast iron. ✓ It is an alloy of carbon and silicon with iron. ✓ Composition: Typical composition of grey cast iron is given below: Carbon - 2.5 to 4% Silicon - 1 to 3% Manganese - 0.4 to 1% Phosphorus - 0.15 to 1% Sulphur - 0.02 to 0.15% Remaining is iron 2. Microstructure of Grey Cast Iron ✓ The microstructure of grey cast irons consist of graphite flakes, which resemble a number of potat... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
White Cast Iron
White cast iron derives its name from the fact that its fracture surface has a white or silvery appearance. WHITE CAST IRON 1. What is Meant by White Cast Iron? ✓ White cast iron derives its name from the fact that its fracture surface has a white or silvery appearance. ✓ White iron has all the carbon in the combined form as cementite (i.e., iron carbide) in a pearlitic matrix. When the rate of cooling is fast, nearly all the carbon in a cast iron exists as cementite. ✓ Composition: The typical composition of a white cast iron is given below: Carbon - 1.8 to 3% Silicon - 0.5 t... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Malleable Cast Iron
Malleable iron is a cast iron that has been heat treated so that it has significant ductility and malleability.↑ MALLEABLE CAST IRON 1. What is Malleable Cast Iron? ✓ Malleable iron is a cast iron that has been heat treated so that it has significant ductility and malleability.↑ ✓ Composition: The composition of a typical malleable cast iron is given below: Carbon - 2.0 to 3.0% Silicon - 0.6 to 1.3% Manganese - 0.2 to 0.6% Phosphorus - 0.15% Silicon - 0.10% Remaining is iron 2. Microstructure of Malleable Cast Iron ✓ Malleable iron is produced by heat treating unalloyed (2.... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Spheroidal Graphite or Nodular Cast Iron (or Ductile Cast Iron)
Spheroidal graphite (SG) cast iron is also known as 'nodular iron' or as 'ductile iron'. SPHEROIDAL GRAPHITE OR NODULAR CAST IRON (OR DUCTILE CAST IRON) 1. What is Meant by Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron? ✓ Spheroidal graphite (SG) cast iron is also known as 'nodular iron' or as 'ductile iron'. ✓ Composition: The composition of a typical SG cast iron is given below: Carbon - 3.2 to 4% Silicon. - 1.8 to 3% Manganese - 0.2 to 0.5% Phosphorus - 0.08% max Sulphur - 0.01% max Remaining is iron. ✓ The SG iron is the cast iron with nodular or spheroidal graphite. The nodules, also ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Alloy Cast Iron
The cast irons discussed so far are called plain cast irons, in the sense that the above cast irons contain only small amounts of impurities. ALLOY CAST IRON 1. What are Alloy Cast Irons? ✓ The cast irons discussed so far are called plain cast irons, in the sense that the above cast irons contain only small amounts of impurities. ✓ The alloy cast irons, like alloy steels can be produced by adding alloying elements like Ni, Cr, Mo, Cu, Si, and Mn. ✓ In general, the effects of alloying elements on the properties of cast iron are similar to the effects of same elements on the prope... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Non-Ferrous Materials
All the metallic elements other than iron are referred to as non- ferrous materials. NON-FERROUS MATERIALS 1. Introduction ✓ All the metallic elements other than iron are referred to as non- ferrous materials. ✓ In other words, non-ferrous materials are those metals which contain elements other than iron as their chief constituent. ✓ Even though non-ferrous materials are not produced in as great tonnages and are more costly than ferrous materials (steel and cast iron), the non-ferrous materials are widely employed in current engineering industries due to the following character... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Copper
Copper↑ is one of the oldest and the most widely used non-ferrous metals in industry. COPPER Copper↑ is one of the oldest and the most widely used non-ferrous metals in industry. 1. Properties of Copper The copper possesses the following properties : 1. Copper possesses very high electrical conductivity. In fact, in this respect it is second only to silver. 2. It also has very high thermal conductivity. 3. It exhibits excellent resistance to corrosion. 4. It is very soft, ductile and malleable. 5. It becomes brittle just below its melting point. 6. It can be worked in hot or ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Copper Alloys
Copper may be alloyed with a number of elements to provide a range of useful alloys. COPPER ALLOYS ✓ Copper may be alloyed with a number of elements to provide a range of useful alloys. ✓ The copper alloys possess a number of unique superior characteristics: High thermal and electrical conductivity, high corrosion resistance, high ductility and formability, and interesting colour for architectural uses. ✓ The important copper alloys are: 1. Brasses (copper-zinc alloys), 2. Bronzes (copper-tin alloys), 3. Gun-metals (copper-tin-zinc alloys), and 4. Cupro nickels (copper-nickel... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Aluminium
Aluminium is one of the most abundant elements in the earth's crust and also the most important of the non-ferrous metals. ALUMINIUM Aluminium is one of the most abundant elements in the earth's crust and also the most important of the non-ferrous metals. 1. Characteristics of Aluminium Pure aluminium is known for its outstanding characteristics. Some of its main characteristics are: (i) Light-weight (one-third the weight of steel), (ii) High thermal and electrical conductivity, (iii) Excellent corrosion resistance, (iv) Non-toxicity, (v) Soft and ductile, (vi) Low specific g... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Aluminium Alloys
At room temperature, the mechanical properties of aluminium alloys are: ALUMINIUM ALLOYS ✓ At room temperature, the mechanical properties of aluminium alloys are: (i) interior to those of steel; (ii) almost equal to those of copper alloys; and (iii) superior to those of magnesium alloys. ✓ The aluminium may be alloyed with one or more alloying Isot elements such as Cu, Mg, Mn, Si, and Ni. ✓ The addition of small amounts of alloying elements convert the soft and weak aluminium metal into hard and strong one, while retaining its light weight property. 1. Types of Aluminium Alloys... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Precipitation Strengthening Treatment (Age Hardening)
Precipitation hardening, also known as age hardening, is the most important method of improving the physical properties of some of the non-ferrous alloys by solid state reaction. PRECIPITATION STRENGTHENING TREATMENT (AGE HARDENING) 1. What is Precipitation Hardening? ✓ Precipitation hardening, also known as age hardening, is the most important method of improving the physical properties of some of the non-ferrous alloys by solid state reaction. ✓ It is mostly applicable to the alloys of aluminium, magnesium and nickel. It is occasionally used for the alloys of copper and iron. ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Bearing Materials
The materials which are used for making bearings are known as bearing materials. BEARING MATERIALS 1. What are Bearing Materials ? ✓ The materials which are used for making bearings are known as bearing materials. 2. Characteristics of a Bearing Material A bearing material should have the following properties: 1. It should possess sufficient hardness and wear resistance. 2. It should have a low coefficient of friction. 3. It should be tough, shock-resistant, and sufficiently ductile. 4. It should have a sufficient melting point. 5. It should have high thermal conductivity. 6... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Unit V: Mechanical Properties And Testing - 2 Marks Question & Answers
1. What is meant by mechanical properties of materials? Mechanical properties are those characteristics of material that describe its behaviour under the action of external forces. 2. Distinguish between elasticity and plasticity. ✔ Elasticity is the property of a material by virtue of which it is able to retain its original shape and size after the removal of the load. ✔ Plasticity is the property of a material by virtue of which a permanent deformation (without fracture) takes place, whenever it is subjected to the action of external forces. 3. Differentiate between ductility ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Unit IV: Non-Metallic Materials - 2 Marks Question & Answers
1. What are polymers? ✓ Polymers are composed of a large number of repeating units of small molecules called monomers. ✓ Polymers may be defined as giant organic, chain-like molecules having molecular weight from 10000 to more than 1,000,000 g.mol-1. 2. List any four attractive characteristics of polymers. 1. Low density. 2. Good thermal and electrical insulation properties. 3. High resistance to chemical attack. 4. Ease of fabrication. 5. Relatively low cost. 3. Classify polymers. 1. Plastics 2. Elastomers 3. Adhesives 4. Coatings 5. Fibres 4. Define the following term... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Unit III: Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals - 2 Marks Question & Answers
1. What are metals? Classify engineering materials. ✔ Metals are elemental substances. Metals are composed of elements which readily give up electrons to provide a metallic bond and electrical conductivity. ✔ Types of metals: 1. Ferrous metals, and 2. Non-ferrous metals. 2. What are ferrous metals? Classify ferrous materials. ✔ The metals, which contain iron as their main constituent, are called ferrous metals. ✔ Types of ferrous metals: 1. Steels, and 2. Cast irons. 3. State three reasons why ferrous alloys are used extensively. 1. Iron-based components are relatively abundan... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Heat Treatment
Understand the metallurgical reactions that occur in heat treatment. Heat Treatment Learning Objectives While reading and after studying this chapter, you will be able to: ● Understand the metallurgical reactions that occur in heat treatment. ● Study and have a knowledge of the vari- ous heat treatments-annealing, normalising, hardening, tempering-which may be given to steels. ● Understand how these range of heat treatments affect the structure and properties of the material. ● Understand T-T-T and C-C-T diagrams and show how non-equilibrium phases can be formed in steel struct... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Heat Treatment Processes
The properties of metals and alloys can be changed as desired by the heat treatment process. UNIT - 2 Heat Treatment "I never did anything worth doing by accident nor did any of my inventions come by accident. They come by work." - Thomas Edison HEAT TREATMENT PROCESSES INTRODUCTION ✓ The properties of metals and alloys can be changed as desired by the heat treatment process. ✓ Heat treatment is the controlled heating and cooling of metals voll for the purpose of altering their properties. ✓ Since the heat treatment can greatly alter the mechanical and physical properties of... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Annealing
The term annealing refers to a heat treatment in which a material is exposed to an elevated temperature for an extended time period and then slowly cooled. ANNEALING 1. What is Meant by Annealing? ✓ The term annealing refers to a heat treatment in which a material is exposed to an elevated temperature for an extended time period and then slowly cooled. ✓ According to American Society of Testing Material (ASTM), annealing is defined as a softening process consisting of heating the steel to a temperature at or near the critical point, holding there for a proper time and then all... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Normalising
Normalising is similar to full annealing, but cooling established in still air rather than in the furnace. NORMALISING 1. What is Meant by Normalising? ✓ Normalising is similar to full annealing, but cooling established in still air rather than in the furnace. ✓ Full annealing is an expensive and time consuming process When a reasonably soft and ductile material is required and co savings are desired, then the normalising process is used instead of full annealing. 2. Objects of Normalising Some of the purposes of normalising are: 1. To refine the grain structure. 2. To increas... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Quenching
Quenching refers accelerated cooling. QUENCHING 1. What is Quenching? ✓ Quenching refers accelerated cooling. ✓ The cooling can be accomplished by contact with a quenching medium which may be a gas, liquid, or solid. ✓ Most of the times, liquid quenching media is widely used to achieve rapid cooling. 2. Types of Quenching Medium Some of the quenching medium that are used generally in industries, in order of decreasing quenching severity↑, are given below: 1. 5-10% caustic soda 2. 5-20% brine (NaCl) 3. Cold water 4. Warm water 5. Mineral oil (obtained during the refining of... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Hardening (by quenching)
Hardening refers to the heat treatment of steel which increases its hardness by quenching. HARDENING (BY QUENCHING) 1. What does Hardening refer? ✓ Hardening refers to the heat treatment of steel which increases its hardness by quenching. ✓ Hardening normally implies heat-treating operations which produce microstructures which are entirely or predominantly martensitic. 2. Objects of Hardening To The main purposes of hardening are: 1. To harden the steel to resist wear. 2. To enable it to cut other metals. 3. Operation The process of hardening involves the following stages: ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Tempering
The martensite which is formed during hardening process is too brittle and lacks good ductility and toughness. TEMPERING 1. What is Tempering? ✓ The martensite which is formed during hardening process is too brittle and lacks good ductility and toughness. Hence, it cannot be used for most applications. Also the internal residual stresses that are introduced during hardening have a weakening effect. The ductility and toughness of martensite can be enhanced and these internal stresses are relieved by a heat treatment process known as tempering. ✓ The tempering process usually fol... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
TTT and CCT Diagrams
It should be understood that the iron-iron carbide equilibrium Lorian diagram (refer Section 1.11) shows the phases and the resulting microstructures corresponding to equilibrium conditions only. TTT AND CCT DIAGRAMS ISOTHERMAL TRANSFORMATION DIAGRAMS (TTT DIAGRAMS) 1. Introduction ✓ It should be understood that the iron-iron carbide equilibrium Lorian diagram (refer Section 1.11) shows the phases and the resulting microstructures corresponding to equilibrium conditions only. Basically ferrite, cementite, pearlite and austenite are equilibrium phases. That why the selection of t... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Continuous-Cooling Transformation (or CCT) Diagrams
The data for the construction of TTT diagrams are obtained from the isothermal transformation of austenite at differing temperatures. CONTINUOUS-COOLING TRANSFORMATION (OR CCT) DIAGRAMS 1. Introduction The data for the construction of TTT diagrams are obtained from the isothermal transformation of austenite at differing temperatures. But most industrial heat treatments involve continuous cooling from the austenitic temperature to room temperature. Thus a TTT diagram may not give a fully accurate representation of the temperatures and times of the transformations occurring. The co... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Hardenability
The term hardenability refers to the ease with which hardness may be attained. HARDENABILITY 1. What is meant by Hardenability? ✓ The term hardenability refers to the ease with which hardness may be attained. That is, the ease with which a steel will transform to hardened structure on quenching is called hardenability. ✓ The hardenability of a steel is defined as that property which determines the depth and distribution of hardness induced by quenching from the austenitic condition. ✓ In other words, hardenability is a measure of ease of forming martensite. ✓ For instance, one ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Interrupted quenching
The quenching i.e., rapid cooling mechanism discussed in Section 2.4 has it own disadvantages. HEAT TREATMENT PROCESSES Contd... INTERRUPTED QUENCHING ✔ The quenching i.e., rapid cooling mechanism discussed in Section 2.4 has it own disadvantages. Some of the disadvantages of continuous rapid cooling are: 1. Setting up severe quenching stresses, 2. Warping or distorting the object, and 3. Promoting crack formation in the steel. These undesirable effects may develop during uneven cooling of the heat-treated material. ✔ In order to overcome the disadvantages of continuous quen... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Martempering (Marquenching)
Martempering, also known as marquenching, is a interrupted cooling procedure used for steels to minimize the stresses, distortion and cracking of steels that may develop during rapid quenching. MARTEMPERING (MARQUENCHING) 1. What is Martempering ? ✓ Martempering, also known as marquenching, is a interrupted cooling procedure used for steels to minimize the stresses, distortion and cracking of steels that may develop during rapid quenching. 2. Martempering Process The martempering process consists of the following steps: Step 1: Austenitizing the steel, i.e., heating the steel ab... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Austempering (Isothermal quenching)
Austempering is another type of interrupted quenching that forms bainite structure. AUSTEMPERING (ISOTHERMAL QUENCHING) 1. What is Austempering? ✓ Austempering is another type of interrupted quenching that forms bainite structure. ✓ The austempering is an isothermal heat treatment process, usually used to reduce quenching distortion and to make a tough and strong steels. 2. Austempering Process The austempering process consists of the following steps: Step 1: Austenitizing the steel. Step 2: Quenching the austenitised steel in a molten salt bath at a temperature just above the ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Case Hardening (or surface hardening) of Steels
In many applications, it is desirable that the surface of the components should have high hardness, while the inside or core should be soft. CASE HARDENING (OR SURFACE HARDENING) OF STEELS CASE HARDENING (OR SURFACE HEAT TREATMENT) 1. Introduction ✓ In many applications, it is desirable that the surface of the components should have high hardness, while the inside or core should be soft. The treatments given to steels to achieve this are called surface heat treatments or surface hardening. ✓ We know that a principal reason for hardening steel is to retard wear on bearing and rub... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Carburising
Carburising is the process in which carbon atoms are introduced onto the surface of low carbon steels to produce a hard case of surface, while the interior or core remains soft. CARBURISING 1. What is Meant by Carburising Process? ✓ Carburising is the process in which carbon atoms are introduced onto the surface of low carbon steels to produce a hard case of surface, while the interior or core remains soft. ✓ Steels for carburising should have carbon from 0.10 to 0.20%. 2. Process of Carburising In carburisation, when a piece of low-carbon steel is placed in a carbon saturated ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Pack (or solid) Carburising
In pack carburising, the components to be treated are packed into steel boxes, along with the carburising mixture, so that a space of roughly 50 mm exists between them. PACK (OR SOLID) CARBURISING 1. What is Pack Carburising? ✓ In pack carburising, the components to be treated are packed into steel boxes, along with the carburising mixture, so that a space of roughly 50 mm exists between them. ✓ The carburising mixture essentially consists of some carbon- rich material, such as charcoal or charred leather, along with an energizer (upto 40% of the total composition). ✓ The ene... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Gas Carburizing
Gas carburising overcomes the drawbacks/difficulties of pack carburising by replacing the solid carburising mixture with a carbon-providing gas. GAS CARBURIZING 1. What is Meant by Gas Carburising? ✓ Gas carburising overcomes the drawbacks/difficulties of pack carburising by replacing the solid carburising mixture with a carbon-providing gas. ✓ Gas carburizing can be done with any carbonaceous gas (i.e., gas containing an excess of CO). In general, natural gas, propane, or generated gas atmospheres are most frequently used. 2. Procedure The gas-carburizing is carried out in both... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Liquid Carburising
Liquid carburising, also known as salt carburising, is carried out in baths of molten salt which contains 20 to 50% sodium cyanide, 40% sodium carbonate, and varying quantities of sodium or barium chloride. LIQUID CARBURISING 1. What is Liquid Carburising? ✓ Liquid carburising, also known as salt carburising, is carried out in baths of molten salt which contains 20 to 50% sodium cyanide, 40% sodium carbonate, and varying quantities of sodium or barium chloride. ✔The cyanide-rich mixture is heated in iron pots to a temperature of 870 to 950°C. The workpiece, which is carried in wi... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Nitriding
Nitriding is a process of introducing nitrogen atoms, to obtain hard surface of steel components. NITRIDING 1. What is Nitriding? ✔ Nitriding is a process of introducing nitrogen atoms, to obtain hard surface of steel components. It is another process for the surface hardening of steel. 2. Nitriding Vs Case-Hardening ✔ In case-hardening, the medium contains carbon whereas in nitriding it contains gaseous nitrogen. ✔ Special steels known as 'Nitralloy' steels are necessary for the nitriding process, because hardening depends upon the formation of very hard compounds of nitrogen ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Cyaniding
Cyaniding, also called liquid carburising, is a process of introducing both nitrogen and carbon to obtain hard surface of the steel components. CYANIDING 1. What is Cyaniding? ✓ Cyaniding, also called liquid carburising, is a process of introducing both nitrogen and carbon to obtain hard surface of the steel components. ✓ Cyaniding is done by immersing the workpiece in a cyanide bath, as in liquid carburising described in Section 2.17. ✓ Metals usually hardened by cyaniding process are plain carbon or alloy steels containing about 0.20% carbon. 2. Procedure In cyaniding process... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Carbonitriding
As we know, in the carburising process the diffusing hardening element is carbon. In nitriding process, the diffusion involves nitrogen. CARBONITRIDING 1. What is Carbonitriding? ✓ As we know, in the carburising process the diffusing hardening element is carbon. In nitriding process, the diffusion involves nitrogen. As the name suggests, carbonitriding is a surface- hardening process that involves the diffusion of both nitrogen and carbon into the steel surface. ✓ Carbonitriding is also known as gas-cyaniding or dry- cyaniding, because it makes use of a mixture of hydrocarbons pi... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Flame Hardening
Flame hardening is the process of selective hardening with a combustible gas flame as the source of heat for austenitizing. FLAME HARDENING 1. What is Flame Hardening? ✓ Flame hardening is the process of selective hardening with a combustible gas flame as the source of heat for austenitizing. ✓ Flame hardening can be performed only on steels with a sufficiently high carbon content - at least 0.4% C (to allow hardening). 2. Principle of Flame Hardening The surface to be hardened is heated to a temperature above its upper critical temperature, by means of a travelling oxy-acetylen... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Induction Hardening
The mechanism and purpose of induction hardening are the same as for flame hardening. INDUCTION HARDENING 1. What is Induction Hardening? ✓ The mechanism and purpose of induction hardening are the same as for flame hardening. The main difference is that in induction hardening the source of heat input is an induced electric current instead of using flame. ✓ In other words, the induction hardening is a process of selective hardening using resistance to induced eddy currents as the source of heat. 2. Suitability The steels that can be hardened with this process are the same as thos... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Major Defects in Steel due to faulty Heat Treatment
Table 2.7 summarises some of the major defects found in steel due to faulty heat treatment, their causes, prevention, and control. MAJOR DEFECTS IN STEEL DUE TO FAULTY HEAT TREATMENT Table 2.7 summarises some of the major defects found in steel due to faulty heat treatment, their causes, prevention, and control. Table 2.7. Major defects in steel due to faulty heat treatment, their causes, prevention, and control read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Vaccum and Plasma Surface Hardening
In addition to the various traditional surface hardening treatment techniques, there are new techniques are being guitson developed to meet the highest surface quality and mechanical properties of the components/products. VACCUM AND PLASMA SURFACE HARDENING ✔ In addition to the various traditional surface hardening treatment techniques, there are new techniques are being guitson developed to meet the highest surface quality and mechanical properties of the components/products. ✔ Two popular latest surface hardening techniques are: 1. Vacuum surface hardening, and 2. Plasma su... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Unit II: Heat Treatment - REVIEW AND SUMMARY
Heat treatment is the controlled heating and cooling of metals for the purpose of altering their properties. REVIEW AND SUMMARY ✓ Heat treatment is the controlled heating and cooling of metals for the purpose of altering their properties. In this unit, the theory and the various processes of heat treatment have been presented. ✓ The theory of heat treatment is based on the fact that a change takes place in the internal structure of metal by heating and cooling which induces desired properties in it. ✓ The important heat treatment processes are as follows: 1. Annealing (a) Full... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Unit II: Heat Treatment - SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS On Introduction to Heat Treatment 1. Define the term 'heat treatment'. 2. Why are the steels heat treated? 3. What are the purposes of the processing heat treatments? 4. List the. various stages of a heat treatment process. On Various Heat Treatment Processes 5. List some of the important heat treatment operations widely used. 6. What is meant by annealing? What are the purposes of it? 7. Define the following terms: (a) Full annealing, (b) Process annealing, (c) Stress relief annealing, (d) Recrystallisation annealing, and (e) Spheroidise annealing... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Unit II: Heat Treatment - 2 Marks Question & Answers
2 Marks Question & Answers: Heat Treatment - Engineering Materials and Metallurgy 2 Marks Question & Answers 1. Define the term 'heat treatment'. Heat treatment may be defined as an operation or combination of operations involving heating and cooling of a metal/alloy in solid state to obtain desirable properties. 2. What are the purposes of the processing heat treatments? 1. To relieve internal stresses. 2. To improve machinability. 3. To refine grain size. 4. To soften the metal. 5. To improve hardness of the metal surface. 6. To improve mechanical properties (like tensile s... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Unit I: Constitution of Alloys and Phase Diagrams - SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS
*Short Answer Type Questions* On Solid Solutions 1. Define the following terms: system, state, phase, component, constituent, degrees of freedom, equilibrium. 2. What is an alloy? 3. How many components are found in an alloy? 4. What is meant by base metal? 5. What are alloying elements? 6. How do you distinguish between alloying elements and impuri- ties? 7. Differentiate between substitutional and interstitial solid solutions. 8. State Hume Rothery's rules for formation of substitutional solid solutions. 9. Why is complete intersolubility possible in a substitutional solid. ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Constitution of Alloys and Phase Diagrams
Understand the formation of solid solu- tions and differentiate between substitutional and interstitial solid solutions. Constitution of Alloys and Phase Diagrams Learning Objectives While reading and after studying this chapter, you will be able to: ● Understand the formation of solid solu- tions and differentiate between substitutional and interstitial solid solutions. ● Appreciate the concepts, principles and uses of phase diagrams. ● Construct the phase diagrams from the liquid-solid cooling curves. ● Learn the basic rules for the interpretation of phase diagrams. ● Know the... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Solid Solutions
A pure metal consisting of only one type of atom is almost impossible. Practically impurities or foreign atoms always present in all materials. UNIT - 1 Constitution of Alloys and Phase Diagrams "It is difficult to say what is impossible, for the dream of yesterday is the hope of today and the reality of tomorrow." - Robert H. Goddard *SOLID SOLUTIONS* 1. IMPURITIES IN SOLIDS ✓ A pure metal consisting of only one type of atom is almost impossible. Practically impurities or foreign atoms always present in all materials. ✓ Only very few metals are used in the pure or nearly pure ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Intermediate Phases
If an alloying element is added in excess of the limit of solid solubility, a second phase appears along with the primary solid solution. INTERMEDIATE PHASES If an alloying element is added in excess of the limit of solid solubility, a second phase appears along with the primary solid solution. This second phase may be a primary solid solution of base metal in the alloying element, or an 'intermediate' phase (which differs in both crystal structure and properties from primary solid solution). ✓ This intermediate phases may have either narrow or wide ranges of homogeneity, and ma... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Phase Diagrams
One of the central themes in materials engineering is that the properties of a material depend on its underlying micro- structure. PHASE DIAGRAMS 1. Introduction ✓ One of the central themes in materials engineering is that the properties of a material depend on its underlying micro- structure. Also the development of the microstructure of the material depends upon its overall composition as well as variables such as temperature and pressure. As the composition involves more elements, the number of phases that may be present increases. In these situations, phase diagrams provide ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Cooling Curves and its Types, Construction of Phase Diagrams
Cooling curves are obtained by plotting the measured temperatures at equal intervals during the cooling period of a melt to a solid. COOLING CURVES (Time-Temperature Cooling Curves) ✓ Cooling curves are obtained by plotting the measured temperatures at equal intervals during the cooling period of a melt to a solid. ✓ The data obtained from these cooling curves are useful in constructing the equilibrium diagram. 1. Types of Cooling Curves Three main types of cooling curves are shown in Fig.1.9. 1. Cooling curve for pure metal or compound ✓ Fig.1.9 (a) shows the cooling curve fo... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Interpretation of Phase Diagrams
Using a phase diagram, one can obtain at least the following three informations. INTERPRETATION OF PHASE DIAGRAMS (Utilisation of Phase Diagrams) Using a phase diagram, one can obtain at least the following three informations. 1. The phases that are present, 2. The composition of each phase, and 3. The amount of each phase present. Now let us consider the equilibrium diagram shown in Fig.1.11 of two metals (Sb - Bi) that are completely soluble in each other in both the liquid and solid states. For the Fig.1.11, let us discuss the procedure for determining the above three info... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Types of Equilibrium Phase Diagrams
A phase diagram can be defined as a plot of the composition of phases as a function of temperature in any alloy system under equilibrium conditions. TYPES OF EQUILIBRIUM PHASE DIAGRAMS ✓ A phase diagram can be defined as a plot of the composition of phases as a function of temperature in any alloy system under equilibrium conditions. ✓ The phase diagrams can be broadly classified into two groups. They are: 1. Phase diagrams for complete solid solubility (i.e., phase diagrams for two metals completely soluble in the liquid and solid states). 2. Phase diagrams for partial solid sol... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Iron-Carbon System
Iron has been widely used by man for thousands of years. IRON-CARBON SYSTEM 1. Introduction Iron has been widely used by man for thousands of years. The availability comparatively low cost, and the wide range of properties have made irons and steels materials of great importance. Steels↑ and cast irons↑↑ containing varying percentages of carbon and other †The alloys of iron-carbon system containing 0.06% to 2.0% carbon are known as steels. †† Those alloys having carbon from 2.0% to 6.7% are called cast-irons. alloying elements are very popular engineering materials. In fact, ir... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Micro-Constituents of Iron-Carbon Alloys
There are different microscope constituents of iron-carbon alloys exist. MICRO-CONSTITUENTS OF IRON-CARBON ALLOYS ✓ There are different microscope constituents of iron-carbon alloys exist. The study of these micro-constituents is essential in order to understand iron-iron carbide (Fe-Fe3C) equilibrium phase diagram. ✓ Various micro-constituents of iron-carbon alloys are: 1. Ferrite, 2. Austenite, 3. Cementite, 4. Pearlite, 5. Ledeburite, 6. Martensite, 7. Troostite, 8. Sorbite, and 9. Bainite. Now we shall present a brief note on the above constituents in the following s... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Iron-Iron Carbide Equilibrium Diagram
Iron - Iron carbide equilibrium diagram is very much useful in understanding the microstructures and properties of cast irons and carbon steels. IRON-IRON CARBIDE EQUILIBRIUM DIAGRAM ✓ Iron - Iron carbide equilibrium diagram is very much useful in understanding the microstructures and properties of cast irons and carbon steels. ✓ It is also used to understand the basic differences among iron vinom alloys and the control of their properties. ✓ This phase diagram is constructed by plotting the carbon composition (weight per cent) along the X-axis and temperature along the Y-axis.... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
ME3392 ENGINEERING MATERIALS AND METALLURGY - Syllabus (Regulation 2021)
COURSE OBJECTIVES: 1. To learn the constructing the phase diagram and using of iron-iron carbide phase diagram for microstructure formation. 2. To learn selecting and applying various heat treatment processes and its microstructure formation. 3. To illustrate the different types of ferrous and non-ferrous alloys and their uses in engineering field. 4. To illustrate the different polymer, ceramics and composites and their uses in engineering field. 5. To learn the various testing procedures and failure mechanism in engineering field. UNIT - I CONSTITUTION OF ALLOYS AND PHASE DIA... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Basics, Zeroth and First Law
Thermal engineering deals the applications of thermodynamics and its laws relative to the work absorbing and producing devices and also improvement in their performance. simply an expression of the conservation of energy. It states that energy is a thermodynamic property. But, the second law of thermodynamics shows that the actual processes occur in the direction of decreasing quality of energy. Therefore, it states that the energy has both quantity as well as quality. For example, a cup of hot water left on a table eventually cools but a cup of cold water in the same room never g... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Microscopic and Macroscopic Approaches, Thermodynamic Properties
Thermodynamically, the behaviour of any matter can be studied in two different points of view: 1. Microscopic approach or statistical thermodynamics 2. Macroscopic approach or classical thermodynamics MICROSCOPIC AND MACROSCOPIC APPROACHES Thermodynamically, the behaviour of any matter can be studied in two different points of view: 1. Microscopic approach or statistical thermodynamics 2. Macroscopic approach or classical thermodynamics 1. Microscopic Approach or Statistical Thermodynamics Any substance or matter consists of a large number of particles called molecules. The pro... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Thermodynamic Systems
A thermodynamic system is defined as a definite space or area on which the study of energy transfer and energy conversions is made. THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEMS System A thermodynamic system is defined as a definite space or area on which the study of energy transfer and energy conversions is made. A system could be the water within the turbine or the gas inside a length of pipe or the entire lubricating oil system for a petrol engine. 2. Surroundings Anything outside the system which affects the behaviour of the system is known as surroundings or environment. For example, a fan may b... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Types of Thermodynamic Systems
The thermodynamics systems may be classified into the following three categories: TYPES OF THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEMS The thermodynamics systems may be classified into the following three categories: (a) Closed system (b) Open system (c) Isolated system. 1. Closed System A closed system does not permit any mass transfer but only the energy transfer takes place. The system boundary is determined by the space that the matter occupies. A closed system is also known as control mass. Consider a system shown in Figure 1.3 (b). If heat is supplied to the system (fluid) from an external... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Control Volume
Control volume is a fixed region in space chosen for the thermodynamic study of mass and energy balances for flowing systems. CONTROL VOLUME Control volume is a fixed region in space chosen for the thermodynamic study of mass and energy balances for flowing systems. Therefore, it is a properly selected region in the space. In control volume both mass and energy can be exchanged with surrounding through its boundary. In other words the control volume is the open system. Generally, any arbitrary region in space can be selected as a control volume. There is no specific rule for sel... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Concept of Continuum
A continuous homogenous medium is called continuum. Continuum is based on the macroscopic approach. CONCEPT OF CONTINUUM A continuous homogenous medium is called continuum. Continuum is based on the macroscopic approach. The continuum idealization allows us to treat the properties as point functions and assumes the properties varying continually in space with no jump discontinuities. This idealization is valid as long as the size of the system is large relative to the space between molecules. From the macroscopic perspective, the description of matter is simplified by considerin... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Concept of Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium
Temperature is the measure of molecular velocity of fluid particles. CONCEPT OF TEMPERATURE AND THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM 1. Temperature Temperature is the measure of molecular velocity of fluid particles. The greater is the movement of molecules, the higher will be the temperature. There is no exact definition for temperature. It is a property which is used to determine the degree of hotness or coldness or the level of heat intensity of a body. Based on physiological sensations only, the level of temperature is qualitatively expressed in words such as freezing cold, cold, warm, hot a... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Intensive and Extensive Properties of a System
Property is defined as any measurable or observable characteristics of the substance when the system remains in equilibrium state. INTENSIVE AND EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES OF A SYSTEM Property is defined as any measurable or observable characteristics of the substance when the system remains in equilibrium state. Any characteristic of a system is called its property. Example: Pressure (p), temperature (T), volume (V), mass (m), etc. The properties are classified into the following two types: (a) Intensive or intrinsic property and (b) Extensive or extrinsic property. (a) Intensive pro... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Total and Specific Quantities
In most of the thermodynamic analyses, the terms 'Total' and 'Specific' quantities are used which relates only to extensive properties. TOTAL AND SPECIFIC QUANTITIES In most of the thermodynamic analyses, the terms 'Total' and 'Specific' quantities are used which relates only to extensive properties. Total quantity refers to the entire quantity a thermodynamic system contained within it. A total quantity is always denoted by an upper case letter such as V for volume (m3) and H for enthalpy (J). A specific property is obtained by dividing an extensive property of a system by its ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
State of a system
State is the condition of the system at any particular moment. STATE OF A SYSTEM State is the condition of the system at any particular moment. The state is identified by the properties of the system such as pressure, volume, temperature etc. At a given state, all properties of the system have fixed values. Even if the value of one property changes, the state of the system will change to a different state which is called a change of state. read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Path
The succession of states crossed through the control volume during the change of state in the thermodynamic system is called path. PATH The succession of states crossed through the control volume during the change of state in the thermodynamic system is called path. In other words, it refers to the series of state changes through which the system passes during a process. So, path refers to the locii of various intermediate states passed through a system in a process. read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Thermodynamic Process
Process is the change of state undergone by a system from one equilibrium state to another equilibrium state. THERMODYNAMIC PROCESS Process is the change of state undergone by a system from one equilibrium state to another equilibrium state. It consists of sufficient information about the thermodynamic properties at successive state points. The path of the succession of states through which the system passes is called thermodynamic process. For example, (i) increasing the temperature of a fluid while maintaining a constant pressure and (ii) increasing the pressure of a confined... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Thermodynamic Equilibrium
A system is said to be in equilibrium if it does not tend to undergo any change of state on its own accord. THERMODYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM A system is said to be in equilibrium if it does not tend to undergo any change of state on its own accord. A system is said to be in thermodynamic equilibrium, then it should satisfy the following three conditions of equilibrium: (a) Mechanical equilibrium: A system is said to be in mechanical equilibrium when there are no unbalanced forces acting on it. (b) Thermal equilibrium: A system is said to be in thermal equilibrium when there is no tempe... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Thermodynamic Cycle
A process in which a fluid successively changes state for the purpose of producing or transferring energy is known as cycle. THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE A process in which a fluid successively changes state for the purpose of producing or transferring energy is known as cycle. A thermodynamic cycle consists of a linked sequence of thermodynamic processes and eventually returns the system to its initial state. The thermodynamic processes in a cyclic involve transfer of heat and work into and out of the system, while varying pressure, temperature, and other state variables within the syste... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Point Function and Path Function
When a gas undergoes a process from initial state to final state, the thermodynamic properties will change. POINT FUNCTION AND PATH FUNCTION When a gas undergoes a process from initial state to final state, the thermodynamic properties will change. Some of the properties such as pressure, volume and temperature are not dependent on the path followed by a system. It is purely independent of the path followed by a process. These properties are called point function or state function. Example: Pressure, volume, temperature, etc. In Figure 1.15, the properties such as pressure and v... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Energy
Energy is a fundamental concept of thermodynamics and one of the most significant aspects of engineering analysis. ENERGY Energy is a fundamental concept of thermodynamics and one of the most significant aspects of engineering analysis. Energy is defined as the capacity of a system to perform work or produce heat. Energy can exist in numerous forms such as chemical, thermal, mechanical, magnetic, kinetic, potential, electric and nuclear. Their sum constitutes the total energy (E) of a system. In a thermodynamic analysis, various forms of energy that make up the total energy of... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Heat Transfer (Q)
Heat is defined as the energy crossing the boundary of a system due to the temperature difference between system and surroundings. HEAT TRANSFER (Q) Heat is defined as the energy crossing the boundary of a system due to the temperature difference between system and surroundings. It is usually represented by Q and expressed in Joule or kJ. Heat exists only due to the heat transfer. For the transfer of heat, there should be temperature difference between two systems. The amount of heat transferred depends upon the path and not simply on the initial and final conditions of the syst... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Work Transfer (W)
Work is an energy interaction between a system and its surroundings. WORK TRANSFER (W) Work is an energy interaction between a system and its surroundings. Usually, the energy can cross the boundary of any system in the form of either heat or work. But, the energy crossed through the boundary in a closed system is definitely in the form of work. As with the heat, the amount of work done by or on a system depends upon the path and not simply on the initial and final conditions of the system. Work is defined as the product of force and distance moved in the direction of the force ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
P-V Diagram
A pressure-volume diagram (or p-V diagram or pV diagram) is used to describe corresponding changes in volume and pressure in a system. p-V DIAGRAM A pressure-volume diagram (or p-V diagram or pV diagram) is used to describe corresponding changes in volume and pressure in a system. Consider a gas sealed in a container with a tightly fitting yet movable piston as shown in Figure 1.27. The work can be done on the gas by pressing the piston from point 1 to 2. When the gas is subjected to these thermodynamics processes, the pressure and volume of the gas can change. A convenient way ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Concept of Ideal and Real Gases
An ideal gas is an imaginary substance that obeys the relation pV = RT. CONCEPT OF IDEAL AND REAL GASES 1. Ideal gas: An ideal gas is an imaginary substance that obeys the relation pV = RT. So, the state equation is also known as ideal gas equation. At low pressure and high temperature, the density of a gas decreases. At that time, the gas behaves as an ideal gas. A factor is introduced to account the deviation of ideal gas behaviour known as compressibility factor. It is a measure of the deviation of ideal gas behaviour. 2. Real gas: At high pressures, the gases start to deviate... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Characteristic Gas Equation
The general gas equation for ideal gas is given by pV / T = constant CHARACTERISTIC GAS EQUATION The general gas equation for ideal gas is given by pV / T = constant ... (1.29) where p = Pressure in N/m2 V = Volume in m3 T = Temperature in K Taking R as constant, pV / T = R ... (1.30) pV = RT If mass 'm' is considered, then the equation becomes pV = mRT This equation is known as characteristic gas equation. read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
Zeroth law of thermodynamics states, "When two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a third body separately, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other". ZEROTH LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS Zeroth law of thermodynamics states, "When two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a third body separately, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other". As shown in Figure 1.28, let, a system X be in thermal equilibrium with another system Y. Also, let, another system Z is in thermal equilibrium with the system Y. Then, from Zeroth law of thermodynamics, the system X is in... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
First Law of Thermodynamics - Application to closed systems (cyclic process)
First law of thermodynamics states, "when a system undergoes a cyclic process, then the net heat transfer is equal to the net work transfer". FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS - APPLICATION TO CLOSED SYSTEMS (CYCLIC PROCESS) First law of thermodynamics states, "when a system undergoes a cyclic process, then the net heat transfer is equal to the net work transfer". Mathematically, It may be stated, "the heat and work are mutually convertible". According to the law of conservation energy, "energy may be neither created nor destroyed but it can be transferred from one form to another for... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Internal Energy is a Property
Consider a system changing from state 1 to state 2 by following the path A but the system returns to the original state in two different paths namely B and C as shown in Figure 1.29. INTERNAL ENERGY IS A PROPERTY Consider a system changing from state 1 to state 2 by following the path A but the system returns to the original state in two different paths namely B and C as shown in Figure 1.29. As per the first law of thermodynamics, for path A QA = WA + ΔUA For path B, QB = WB + ΔUB For path C, QC = WC + ΔUC For the cycle 1-A-2-B-1, we know that Similarly, for the cycle 1-A-2... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Solved Problems on closed systems (cyclic process)
Solved Problems on closed systems (cyclic process): Basics, Zeroth and First Law - Engineering Thermodynamics SOLVED PROBLEMS ON CLOSED SYSTEMS (CYCLIC PROCESS) Problem 1.1 During a flow process 5 kW paddle wheel work is supplied while the internal energy of the system increases in one minute as 200 kJ. Find the heat transfer when there is no other form of energy transfer. Given data: Work done, W = -5 kW (Since work is supplied to the system) Internal energy, ΔU = 200 kJ/min = 200/60 = 3.33 kJ/s To find: Heat transfer, Q Solution: From first law of thermodynamics, Q = W +... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Solved Anna University Problems on closed systems (cyclic process)
Solved Anna University Problems on closed systems (cyclic process): Basics, Zeroth and First Law - Engineering Thermodynamics SOLVED ANNA UNIVERSITY PROBLEMS ON CLOSED SYSTEMS (CYCLIC PROCESS) AU Problem 1.1 A gas whose original pressure, volume and temperature were 140 kN/m3, 0.1 m3 and 25°C respectively is compressed such that new pressure is 700 kN/m2 and its new temperature is 60°C. Determine the new volume of the gas. Given data: P1 = 140 kN/m2 V1 = 0.1 m3 T1 = 25°C = 25 + 273 = 298 K p2 = 700 kN/m2 T2 = 60°C = 60 + 273 = 333 K To find: V2 Solution: From ideal gas eq... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
First Law of Thermodynamics Application to closed systems (Non-Flow Processes)
The processes occurring in closed systems which do not permit the transfer of mass across their boundaries are known as non-flow processes. FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS APPLICATION TO CLOSED SYSTEMS (NON-FLOW PROCESSES) The processes occurring in closed systems which do not permit the transfer of mass across their boundaries are known as non-flow processes. In non-flow processes, there are only heat transfer and work transfer but there is no mass transfer into or out of the system. During the energy flow, the changes take place in pressure, volume, temperature, internal energy, h... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Relation between cp, cv and R
The ratio two specific heat Cp/Cv is denoted by the letter gama (γ). RELATION BETWEEN Cp, Cv AND R The ratio two specific heat Cp/Cv is denoted by the letter gama (γ). ⸫ γ = Cp/Cv ...(1.59) Its value is generally taken as 1.4 for air. The difference between two specific heats is denoted by letter R (characteristic gas constant) Cp - Cv = R. read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Important Formulae for Non-Flow Processes
Important Formulae for Non-Flow Processes IMPORTANT FORMULAE FOR NON-FLOW PROCESSES read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Solved Problems on closed systems (Non-Flow Processes)
Solved Problems on closed systems (Non-Flow Processes): Basics, Zeroth and First Law - Engineering Thermodynamics SOLVED PROBLEMS ON CLOSED SYSTEMS (NON-FLOW PROCESSES) Problem 1.12 Mass of 15 kg of air in a piston cylinder device is heated from 25°C to 90°C by passing current through a resistance heater inside the cylinder. The pressure inside the cylinder is held constant at 300 kPa during the process and a heat loss of 60 kJ occurs. Determine the electrical energy supplied in kW-hr and change in internal energy.- Given data: m = 15 kg T1 = 25°C = 25 + 273 = 298 K T2 = 90°... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Solved Anna University Problems on closed systems (Non – Flow Processes)
Solved Anna University Problems on closed systems (Non – Flow Processes): Basics, Zeroth and First Law - Engineering Thermodynamics SOLVED ANNA UNIVERSITY PROBLEMS ON CLOSED SYSTEMS (NON – FLOW PROCESSES) AU Problem 1.13 A stationary mass of a gas is compressed without friction from an initial state of 0.3 m3 and 0.105 MPa to a final state of 0.15 m3 and 0.105 MPa, the pressure remaining constant during the process. There is a transfer of 37.6 kJ of heat from the gas during the process. How much does the internal energy of the gas change? Given data: V1 = 0.3 m3 p1 = 0.105 MPa... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
First Law of Thermodynamics - Application to open systems or control volume
In any system, if the rate of flow of working fluid is constant with respect to time, the system is known as steady flow system. FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS - APPLICATION TO OPEN SYSTEMS OR CONTROL VOLUME In any system, if the rate of flow of working fluid is constant with respect to time, the system is known as steady flow system. In this system, the mass of working fluid enters the system and leaves the system after doing the work. Therefore, this system is known as open system. From first law of thermodynamics, the total energy entering the system is equal to the total energy l... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Steady Flow Energy Equation (SFEE)
Consider an open system through which the working substance flows in a steady rate as shown in Figure 1.63. STEADY FLOW ENERGY EQUATION (SFEE) Consider an open system through which the working substance flows in a steady rate as shown in Figure 1.63. The working substance entering the system at (1) and leaves the system at (2). Let p1 = Pressure of the working substance entering the system in N/m2 v1 = Specific volume of the working substance entering the system in m3/kg C1 = Velocity of the working substance entering the system in m/s u1 = Specific internal energy of the workin... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
First Law of Thermodynamics - Application to Open Systems
A boiler is a device which is used to generate high-pressure steam by supplying heat to the water. FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS - APPLICATION TO OPEN SYSTEMS 1. Boiler (or) Steam Generator A boiler is a device which is used to generate high-pressure steam by supplying heat to the water. In this system, the heat energy is stored in the steam. Therefore, the internal energy (U) exists. The flow energy (pV) exits due to movement of water. But, there is no work done by the system. The potential energy (gz) and kinetic energy (C2/2) are very small. So, it can be neglected. Therefore,... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Important Formulae in Open Systems
The steady flow energy equation (SFEE) per unit mass is given by IMPORTANT FORMULAE - OPEN SYSTEMS (1) The steady flow energy equation (SFEE) per unit mass is given by (2) SFEE to boiler, Q = h2 – h1 (3) SFEE to condenser, Q = h1 – h2 (4) SFEE to nozzle, (5) For turbine, SFEE is given by W = h1 – h2 (6) For rotary compressor, SFEE is given by W = h2 – h1 (7) For reciprocating compressor, SFEE is given by W = Q + (h2 – h1) read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Solved Problems on open systems or control volume for Steady Flow
Solved Problems on open systems or control volume for steady flow: Basics, Zeroth and First Law - Engineering Thermodynamics SOLVED PROBLEMS ON OPEN SYSTEMS OR CONTROL VOLUME FOR STEADY FLOW Problem 1.26 In a steady flow process, 125 kJ of work is done by each kg of working fluid. The specific volume, velocity and pressure of the working fluid at inlet are 0.41 m3/kg, 15.5 m/s and 6 bar respectively. The inlet is 31 m above the ground and the exhaust pipe is at the ground level. The discharge conditions of the working fluid are 0.64 m3/kg, 1 bar and 263 m/s. The total heat loss ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Solved Anna University Problems on open systems for Steady Flow
Solved Anna University Problems on open systems for steady flow: Basics, Zeroth and First Law - Engineering Thermodynamics SOLVED ANNA UNIVERSITY PROBLEMS ON OPEN SYSTEMS FOR STEADY FLOW AU Problem 1.30 In a steady flow system, a working substance flows at a rate of 4 kg/s enters a pressure of 620 kN/m2 at a velocity of 300 m/s. The internal energy is 2100 kJ/kg and specific volume 0.37 m3/kg. It leaves the system at a pressure of 130 kN/m2, a velocity of 150 m/s, internal energy of 1500 kJ/kg and specific volume of 1.2 m3/kg. During its passage in the system, the substance has ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Unsteady Flow Processes
In unsteady flow, the flow varies with respect to time. UNSTEADY FLOW PROCESSES In unsteady flow, the flow varies with respect to time. For example: Filling and emptying of vessels. It is mainly considered during startup and shutdown periods of machines. The following assumptions are made for deriving the unsteady flow energy equation. 1. The rate of accumulation of energy within the control volume is equal to the net rate of energy flow across the Control Surface (CS). 2. The state of mass entering or leaving the control volume is constant with time. Let, m1 = Initial mass o... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Solved Problems on Unsteady Flow Process
Problem 1.36 An insulated rigid tank with zero heat capacity contains 15 kg of air at 2 bar and 50°C. It is filled with air from a large reservoir at 10 bar and 60°C. Find the final state of air in the tank and mass added. Assume Cp = 1.03 kJ/kgK and Cv = 0.71 kJ/kgK. Given data: For insulated tank, Q = 0 For rigid tank, V1 = V2 m1 = 15 kg p1 = 2 bar T1 = 50°C = 50 + 273 = 323 K p2 = 10 bar Tr = 60°C = 60 + 273 = 333 K Cp = 1.03 kJ/kgK Cv = 0.71 kJ/kgK To find: T2 and mass added (m2 – m1) Solution: From ideal gas equation, From unsteady flow energy equation Q - W = m... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Solved Anna University Problems on open systems for unsteady flow
*AU Problem 1.53An insulated rigid tank of 1.5 m3 of air with a pressure of 6 bar and 100°C discharges air into the atmosphere which is at 1 bar through a discharge pipe till its pressure becomes 1 bar.(1) Calculate the velocity of air in the discharge pipe.(2) Evaluate the work that can be obtained from the frictionless turbine using kinetic energy of that air.* Given data: Q = 0 (insulated tank) V1 = V2 = 1.5 m3 (rigid tank) p1 = 6 bar = 600 kPa T1 = 100°C = 100 + 273 = 373 K p2 = 1 bar = 100 kPa Solution: read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
ME3391 ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS - Syllabus (Regulation 2021)
*COURSE OBJECTIVES:* 1. Impart knowledge on the basics and application of zeroth and first law of thermodynamics. 2. Impart knowledge on the second law of thermodynamics in analysing the performance of thermal devices. 3. Impart knowledge on availability and applications of second law of thermodynamics 4. Teach the various properties of steam through steam tables and Mollier chart. 5. Impart knowledge on the macroscopic properties of ideal and real gases. *UNIT - I BASICS, ZEROTH AND FIRST LAW* Review of Basics – Thermodynamic systems, Properties and processes Thermodynamic Equ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Entropy change for a pure substance
When the water is continuously heated, the temperature increases up to 100°C without changing its phase. ENTROPY CHANGE FOR A PURE SUBSTANCE (i) Compressed liquid: When the water is continuously heated, the temperature increases up to 100°C without changing its phase. The heat contained in the water before reaching 100°C is only sensible heat. The sensible heat also contains entropy. It can be taken from compressed liquid tables for pure substance. (ii) Saturated liquid: The water at 100°C called saturated liquid has the highest sensible heat. The entropy of saturated water at th... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Tds Equations
Based on the first law of thermodynamics, Heat transfer, Q = Work done (W) + Internal energy (ΔU) TdS = pdV + dU Tds EQUATIONS Based on the first law of thermodynamics, Heat transfer, Q = Work done (W) + Internal energy (ΔU) TdS = pdV + dU It can be rewritten as TdS = dU + pdV ……(2.33) For unit mass, Tds = du + pdv ….. (2.34) Equation (2.33) is the first Tds equation or Gibb's function. We know that Enthalpy, h = u + pv Differentiating above enthalpy equation, it becomes Enthalpy, dh = du + d(pv) = du + vdp + pdv ⸫ du = dh – vdp – pdv ... (2.35) Substit... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
T-s Diagram
A state of system is represented by selecting the properties i.e. temperature (T) and entropy (s) as co-ordinates as shown in Figure 2.33. T-s DIAGRAM A state of system is represented by selecting the properties i.e. temperature (T) and entropy (s) as co-ordinates as shown in Figure 2.33. This diagram is known as T-s diagram. The differential form of heat transfer can be written as dQ = Tds When a system undergoes a change of states from state 1 to state 2, then the area under the process 1-2 represents the heat transfer from state 1 to state 2 as shown in Figure 2.33. Integ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Entropy: a Property of the System
Let, a thermodynamic system undergoes a change of state from 1 to 2 by a reversible process 1-A-2 and returns to its original state 1 by another reversible process 2-B-1 and completing a cycle 1-2-1. ENTROPY: A PROPERTY OF THE SYSTEM Let, a thermodynamic system undergoes a change of state from 1 to 2 by a reversible process 1-A-2 and returns to its original state 1 by another reversible process 2-B-1 and completing a cycle 1-2-1. For this cyclic reversible process, the entropy equation is given by Now, let us consider the cycle 1-2-1 completed by another reversible process 2-C... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Concept of Entropy
Entropy is an index of unavailability or degradation of energy. CONCEPT OF ENTROPY Entropy is an index of unavailability or degradation of energy. It can also be stated, it is a measure of molecular disorder or random function of a system process. It can be created but it cannot be destroyed. Heat always flows from hot body to cold body and thus it becomes less value. This unavailability of energy is measured by entropy. It is an important thermodynamic property of the working substance. It increases with the addition of heat and decreases with its removal. It is the function of ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Clausius Inequality - Solved Anna University Problem
Solved Anna University Problem on Clausius Inequality: Second Law and Entropy - Engineering Thermodynamics SOLVED ANNA UNIVERSITY PROBLEM ON CLAUSIUS INEQUALITY AU Problem 2.32 An inventor claims to have developed an engine which receives 1000 kJ at a temperature of 160°C. It rejects heat at a temperature of 5°C and delivers 0.12 kWh of mechanical work. Is this a valid claim? Justify your answer through Classius inequality. Given data: Q1 = 1000 kJ T1 = 160°C = 160 + 273 = 433 K T2 = 5°C = 5 + 273 = 278 K W = 0.12 kWh = 0.12 × 3600 = 432 kJ To find: Check for validity of cl... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Clausius Inequality - Solved Problems
Solved Problem on Clausius Inequality: Second Law and Entropy - Engineering Thermodynamics SOLVED PROBLEM ON CLAUSIUS INEQUALITY Problem 2.11 An inventor claims that his new engine will develop 30 kW for a heat addition of 2400 kJ/min. The highest and the lowest temperature of the cycle are 2200°C and 327°C respectively. Would you agree his claim? Use Clausius inequality method. Given data: W = 30 kW = 30 × 60 = 1800 kJ/min Q1 = 2400 kJ/min T1 = 1527°C = 2200 + 273 = 2473 K T2 = 327°C = 327 + 273 = 600 K To find: Agreement his claim. Solution: read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Causius Inequality
Clausius inequality states that "when a system undergoes a cyclic process, the summation of dQ/T around a closed cycle is less than or equal to zero." CLAUSIUS INEQUALITY Clausius inequality states that "when a system undergoes a cyclic process, the summation of dQ/T around a closed cycle is less than or equal to zero." Consider an engine operating between two fixed temperature reservoirs T1 and T2. Let, dQ1 unit of heat is supplied at temperature T1 and dQ2 unit of heat is rejected at temperature T2 in a cycle. Thermal efficiency of any reversible engine working on the same tem... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Heat Engines, Refrigerators and Heat Pump - Solved Anna University Problems
Solved Anna University Problems on Heat Engines, Refrigerators and Heat Pump: Second Law and Entropy - Engineering Thermodynamics SOLVED ANNA UNIVERSITY PROBLEMS ON HEAT ENGINES, REFRIGERATORS AND HEAT PUMP AU Problem 2.1 In a Carnot cycle, the maximum pressure and temperature are limited to 18 bar and 410°C. The volume ratio of isentropic compression is 6 and isothermal expansion is 1.5. Assume the volume of the air at the beginning of isothermal expansion as 0.18 m3. Show the cycle on p-V and T-s diagrams and determine the (1) pressure and temperature at main points (2) therm... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Heat Engines, Refrigerators and Heat Pump - Solved Problems
Solved Problems on Heat Engines, Refrigerators and Heat Pump: Second Law and Entropy - Engineering Thermodynamics SOLVED PROBLEMS ON HEAT ENGINES, REFRIGERATORS AND HEAT PUMP *Problem 2.1* *An inventor claims to have developed an efficient heat engine which would have a heat source at 1000°C and reject heat to a sink at 50°C and gives an efficiency of 90%. Justify whether his claim is possible or not.* *Given data:* *T*1 = 1000°*C* = 1000 + 273 = 1273* K* *T*2 = 50°*C = *50 + 273 = 323 *K* η = 90% *To find:* Whether the inventor's claim is correct or not. *Solution:* Accordi... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Absolute Thermodynamic Temperature Scale
A temperature scale which is independent of the properties of the substances that are used to measure temperature is called a thermodynamic temperature scale. ABSOLUTE THERMODYNAMIC TEMPERATURE SCALE A temperature scale which is independent of the properties of the substances that are used to measure temperature is called a thermodynamic temperature scale. This temperature scale should be very much useful in thermodynamic calculations and its derivation using some reversible heat engines. Based on corollaries of the second law of thermodynamics, all reversible heat engines have... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Carnot Theorem
Carnot theorem states that "no heat engine operating in a cyclic process between two fixed temperatures can be more efficient than a reversible engine which is operating between the same temperature limits" CARNOT THEOREM Carnot theorem states that "no heat engine operating in a cyclic process between two fixed temperatures can be more efficient than a reversible engine which is operating between the same temperature limits" Corollaries of Carnot theorem: Corollary I All reversible engines operating between the same temperature limits have the same efficiency. Corollary II Th... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Reversed Carnot Cycle and its Performance
As all the processes in the Carnot cycle are reversible, it can be reversed. In this case, it becomes the Carnot refrigeration cycle. REVERSED CARNOT CYCLE AND ITS PERFORMANCE As all the processes in the Carnot cycle are reversible, it can be reversed. In this case, it becomes the Carnot refrigeration cycle. This cycle is used to extract heat from cold body and reject it into hot body (atmosphere). This cycle consists of two isothermal and two isentropic processes. p-V and T-s diagrams of reversed Carnot cycle are shown in Figure 2.10. Process 1-2: Isentropic compression in a co... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Carnot Cycle and its Performance
It is also called constant temperature cycle. CARNOT CYCLE AND ITS PERFORMANCE It is also called constant temperature cycle. This cycle was introduced by Sadi Carnot. It consists of four processes such as two isentropic or reversible adiabatic and two isothermal processes. p-V and T-s diagrams for Carnot cycle are given in Figure 2.9. Process 1-2: Isentropic compression Air is isentropically compressed from state 1 to state 2. During this process, both pressure and temperature increase from p1 to p2 and T1 to T2 respectively. But, the volume decreases from V1 to V2. There is no... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Irreversibility
Practically, all thermodynamic processes are irreversible process. IRREVERSIBILITY Practically, all thermodynamic processes are irreversible process. When any process is reversed, it will definitely not follow the same path as the original process. At the same time, it produces a change in the universe. So, the path traced by the reverse process is different. Therefore, the work involved due to this process is called irreversible work. Irreversibility is produced due to various reasons. Causes of irreversibility: 1. Lack of equilibrium. 2. Heat transfer through a finite tempera... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Reversibility
All processes are divided into two types on the basis of second law of thermodynamics. REVERSIBILITY All processes are divided into two types on the basis of second law of thermodynamics. 1. Reversible process or ideal process 2. Irreversible process or actual process or natural process. A process is performed in such a way that it should trace the same path when the process is reversed known as reversible process. It means that it does not follow the different path without producing any change in the universe when it is reversed. Also, both system and surroundings come to the... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Corollaries of the Second Law of Thermodynamics
The statements which can be proved with the help of reversible cycles are called corollaries of the second law of thermodynamics. COROLLARIES OF THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS The statements which can be proved with the help of reversible cycles are called corollaries of the second law of thermodynamics. Corollary - 1 It is impossible to construct a system which will operate in a cycle and transfer the heat from a cold body to a hot body without supplying work on the system by surroundings. Proof: If above-said statement is not true, the system could be represented by a heat... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Equivalence of Second law of Thermodynamics
EQUIVALENCE OF SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS As we know, heat and work are mutually convertible. The work can be converted fully into heat energy but the heat energy cannot be converted fully into mechanical work. It violates the first law of thermodynamic statements. Also, a machine which violates the first law of thermodynamics is known as Perpetual Motion Machine (PMM-1) of the first kind which is impossible. PMM-1 is a machine which delivers work continuously without any input. Thus, the machine violates first law of thermodynamics. So, it is considered as equivalent to secon... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Statements of Second Law of Thermodynamics
The second law of thermodynamics is stated in two ways. (i) Kelvin-Planck statement and (ii) Clausius statement. STATEMENTS OF SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS The second law of thermodynamics is stated in two ways. (i) Kelvin-Planck statement and (ii) Clausius statement. 1. Kelvin-Planck Statement The Kelvin-Planck statement can be expressed as "it is impossible for any device that operates on a cyclic process to receive heat from a single reservoir and produce an equivalent amount of work". Otherwise, it is impossible to construct an engine working on a cyclic process which conve... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Heat Pump and its Performance
Heat pump is a device which is used to supply heat to a hot system. HEAT PUMP AND ITS PERFORMANCE Heat pump is a device which is used to supply heat to a hot system. In other words, it is used to maintain the temperature of the body higher than the surroundings. Example: Room heater used during winter season. where T3 and T4 are high and low temperatures of reservoirs respectively. read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Refrigerator and its Performance
Refrigerator is a device which is used to remove heat from a cold system. REFRIGERATOR AND ITS PERFORMANCE Refrigerator is a device which is used to remove heat from a cold system. In other words, it is used to maintain the temperature of the body lower than the surroundings. Example: Air conditioners, coolers, freezers etc. The efficiency of a refrigerator is expressed in terms of the 'Coefficient Of Performance' (COP). It is the ratio of heat extracted to the work input. COP of a refrigerator is given by where T3 and T4 are high and low temperature of reservoirs respectively. ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Heat Engine and its Performance
Heat engine is a device which operates a thermodynamic cycle and produces work by supplying heat from hot reservoir. HEAT ENGINE AND ITS PERFORMANCE Heat engine is a device which operates a thermodynamic cycle and produces work by supplying heat from hot reservoir. Example: Internal combustion (I.C.) engines, boiler etc. The performance of any engine is measured by the term 'efficiency'. It is defined as the ratio of network output produced by an engine to the amount of heat supplied to the engine. It is expressed as given below. where W - Work done Q1 - Heat supplied from t... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Heat Reservoir, Source and Sink
The ideal body having large thermal energy capacity which either continuously supplies or absorbs the infinite amount of heat without changing its temperature is called thermal energy reservoir or heat reservoir. HEAT RESERVOIR, SOURCE AND SINK The ideal body having large thermal energy capacity which either continuously supplies or absorbs the infinite amount of heat without changing its temperature is called thermal energy reservoir or heat reservoir. If the reservoir continuously supplies heat energy to the system, it is called a source or hot reservoir. The source is always... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Second Law and Entropy
1. INTRODUCTION TO SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS According to the first law of thermodynamics, all forms of energy are equivalent. One form of energy can be converted into other form of energy and any process is possible as long as it does not create energy or destroy energy. Also, in a cyclic process, the heat is fully converted into work and vice-versa. But in actual practice, all forms of energy cannot be changed into work. Hence, there are certain processes which are not possible to occur even though these processes do not violate the first law of thermodynamics. The followi... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Unit V: Gas Mixtures and Thermodynamic Relations - Problems for Practice with Answer
Problems for Practice: Gas Mixtures and Thermodynamic Relations - Engineering Thermodynamics PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE 1. Compute the specific volume of steam at 1 bar and 550 K using Van der Waals equation. Take critical temperature of steam is 647.3 K and Critical pressure is 220.9 bar. 2. A vessel of volume 0.5 m3 contains 12 kg of air at 300 K. Determine the pressure exerted by the air using 1. Perfect gas equation 2. Van der Waals equation 3. Generalised compressibility chart. Take critical temperature of air is 132.8 K and critical pressure of air is 37.7 bar. 3. The gas n... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Unit IV: Properties of Pure Substances - Problems for Practice with Answer
Problems for Practice: Properties of Pure Substances - Engineering Thermodynamics PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE 1. Calculate the state of a steam using steam tables. (a) Steam has a pressure of 15 bar and specific volume of 0.12 m3/kg (b) Steam has a pressure of 10 bar and temperature of 200°C. [Ans:- (a) wet and (b) wet.] 2. A 0.25 m3 vessel contains steam of 10 bar at 200°C. Find the pressure if the steam is cooled to dry saturated state at which temperature of 130°C isentropically. [Ans:- p = 9.4 bar and x = 0.938 dry] 3. Find the volume, enthalpy and internal energy of steam (i... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Unit III: Availability and Applications of II Law - Problems for Practice with Answer
Problems for Practice: Availability and Applications of II Law - Engineering Thermodynamics PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE 1. A mass of 10 kg of air at 400 K is mixed with 20 kg of air at 300 K. Determine the change in entropy of universe. [Ans:- [ΔS = -0.238 kJ/K] 2. In a steam generator, water is evaporated at 275°C while the combustion gas (Cp = 1.08 kJ/kgK) is cooled from 1500°C to 350°C. The surroundings are at 30°C. Determine the loss in available energy due to the above heat transfer per kg of water evaporated (Latent heat of vaporization of water at C = 1675 kJ/kg). [Ans:- A.E... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Unit II: Second Law and Entropy - Problems for Practice with Answer
1. A reversible heat engine operates between a source at 800°C and a sink at 30°C. What is br the least rate of heat rejection per kW net work output of the engine? 2. A reversible heat engine working between 400°C and 100°C drives a heat pump which pumps heat from 0°C to 35°C. For an input 10 kW to the engine, determine the rate at which the heat is pumped to the receiver at 35°C. [Ans:- Q = 39.25 kW] 3. A house which was heated by electric resistance heaters consumed 1200 kWh of electric energy in a winter month. If this house is heated by a heat pump instead which is having 2... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Unit I: Basics, Zeroth and First Law - Problems for Practice with Answer
1. 3 kg of a gas at 75°C heated at constant volume until its pressure is 2 times is the initial pressure. Determine the (i) final temperature (ii) heat transfer (iii) change in internal energy and (iv) change in Enthalpy. (Assume Cp = 1.005 kJ/kg K and Cv = 0.718 kJ/kgK) [Ans:- T2 = 696 K, Q = 741.24 kJ and ΔH = 809.34 kJ] 2. A volume of 28 liters of gas at a temperature of 40°C and pressure of 200 kN/m3. It is heated at constant volume process till the temperature becomes 275°C. Find the (i) mass of the gas (ii) final pressure and (iii) change in enthalpy. Assume Cp = 1.005 kJ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Unit V: Gas Mixtures and Thermodynamic Relations - 2 Mark Questions and Answers
1. What is a real gas? Give example. The gas which does not obey the law of equation of state is known as real gas. All practical gases are real gas. 2. What is known as equation of state and when it can be used for engineering calculations? The relationship which exists for the state variables of the system in equilibrium is called equation of state. The equation of state for ideal is given by pV = mRT where p = Pressure of gas, Pa V = Volume of gas, m3 m = Mass of gas, kg R = Gas constant, kJ/kgK T = Temperature, K. (i) The equations of state are used in process enginee... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Unit IV: Properties of Pure Substances - 2 Mark Questions and Answers
1. What is a pure substance? Give examples. Pure substance is a substance which has a fixed chemical composition throughout its mass. Examples: Water, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and helium. A pure substance does not have to be of a single chemical element or compound. A mixture of various chemical elements or compounds is also called pure substance as long as the mixture is homogeneous. 2. What is saturation temperature and saturation pressure? At a given pressure, the temperature at which a liquid boils is called saturation temperature. At the given temperature, the pressure at wh... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Unit III: Availability and Applications of II Law - 2 Mark Questions and Answers
1. What is the principle of increase of entropy? For any infinitesimal process undergone by a system, the change in entropy is given by dS > dQ/T For reversible, dQ = 0, hence, dS = 0 For irreversible, dS > 0 So, the entropy of an isolated system would never decrease. It will always increase and remain constant if the process is reversible called principle increase of entropy. 2. When a system is adiabatic, what can be said about the entropy change of the substance in the system? Entropy change of the substance in the system is zero when a system is adiabatic. 3. Define exe... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Unit II: Second Law and Entropy - 2 Mark Questions and Answers
1. What is mean by cyclic heat engine? A heat engine is a device which is used to convert the thermal energy into mechanical energy. 2. What is a thermal energy reservoir? Explain the term 'source' and 'sink'. Thermal energy reservoir: The part which supplies or receives the heat continuously without change in its To temperature is called reservoir. Source: The part which supplies the heat to work absorbing or work developing device is called source. Sink: The part which receives the heat from work absorbing or working developing device is called sink. 3. What is a reversed ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Unit I: Basics, Zeroth and First Law - 2 Mark Questions and Answers
1. Define the term thermal engineering. Thermal engineering is the science that deals with the energy transfer to practical applications such as energy transfer power generation, refrigeration, gas compression and its effect on the properties of working substance. 2. What is the difference between the classical and the statistical approaches to thermodynamics? The properties of matter such as pressure, velocity, position and energy of the individual molecule at a given instant or at a particular time are studied. This approach is known as statistical thermodynamics. Instead of... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Untitled
தினம் ஒரு மூலிகை* *முசுமுசுக்கை.* தாவரவியல் பெயர் Mukia Madarspatana. சித்தர்கள் இதனை இரு குரங்கின் கை என அழைப்பார்கள் பித்தம் அதிகமானால் இம்மூலிகையை பறித்து லேசாக இடித்து ரசத்தில் போட்டு கொதிக்க வைத்து சாப்பிட குணமாகும் தலைசுற்றல் இம்மூலிகையை பறித்து இடித்து காடியில் புளித்த நீர் வதக்கி தலையில் வைத்து கட்டி நித்திரை செய்ய நோய்கள் தீரும் இதன் இலை காசம் கோழை சுவாசம் நெஞ்சில் புகை கம்மல் ஜலதோஷம் ஆகியவை நீக்கும் முசுமுசுக்கை வேறினால் துர்காந்தத்துடன் குறுகிய கோழை சாதாரண விஷம் சக ரோகம் மார்பு நோய் பக்கவாதம் இவைகள் போகும் பித்தம் தனியும் மூளை பலம் பெறும் இந்த மூலிகையில் சுண்ணாம்பு ச... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Impact of Jet
For the transmission of power through pipes, nozzles are fitted on the pipes so that water comes out as jet. PUMPS IMPACT OF JET: 1. Introduction For the transmission of power through pipes, nozzles are fitted on the pipes so that water comes out as jet. If a plate is placed in the path of the jet, a force is exerted by the jet on the plate. The plate may be straight or curved and moving or stationary. The jet strikes the plate in a normal direction or at an angle of inclination. The plates may be fitted on a wheel. The plate can be stationary but hinged at top and so it may rot... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Euler's Equation
Flow is under steady state i.e, mass flow rate of fluid at any point on the rotor is constant. EULER'S EQUATION Consider a rotor rotating at an angular speed of w rad/s as shown in figure. 4.13. Consider two points 1 and 2 on the rotor at radii r1 and r2. Assume that the fluid enters at point 1 and leaves at point 2. Assumptions: 1. Flow is under steady state i.e, mass flow rate of fluid at any point on the rotor is constant. 2. The state of the fluid at any given point is constant i.e, the rate of heat and work transfer by the fluid passing on-the rotor is constant. 3. The... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Pumps
The Pump is used to import energy to a fluid in a fluid system. It is run by using an external source such as electric motor. PUMPS 1. Introduction The Pump is used to import energy to a fluid in a fluid system. It is run by using an external source such as electric motor. So that it can import pressure energy of kinetic energy or both energies to the fluid. In a pump the fluid flow takes place from the low pressure side to the high pressure side of the pump. By rotating the pump impeller by external source the fluid flow is accelerated to enable it to move from low pressure side... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Theory of Turbo Machines
A Roto dynamic is a device either for converting the energy held by a fluid into mechanical energy or vice versa. THEORY OF TURBO MACHINES A Roto dynamic is a device either for converting the energy held by a fluid into mechanical energy or vice versa. Fluid machines such as turbines centrifugal pumps. Compressors, fans, hydraulic couplings, and torque converters fall under the category of roto dynamic machines. Roto dynamic machines are called turbo machines and have a rotating element which plays an important role in causing the energy transfer between the fluid and rotating e... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Rotary Pump
Rotary pumps are those pumps where pumping action of pump displaces a costant amount of fluid per revolution of pump shaft. ROTARY PUMP (1) Rotary pumps are those pumps where pumping action of pump displaces a costant amount of fluid per revolution of pump shaft. (2) Rotary pumps are positve displacement pumps. They are clasified as follows. 1. Gear pump (External) Figure 4.54 shows a typical external gear pump in two gears meshes externally to provide the pump action. It consist of two identical gear one is drive gear and another one is a driven gear and these are enclosed ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Reciprocating Pumps
The reciprocating pump is a positive displacement pump. It has a piston that executes reciprocating motion in a closely fitting cylinder. RECIPROCATING PUMPS The reciprocating pump is a positive displacement pump. It has a piston that executes reciprocating motion in a closely fitting cylinder. The liquid is drawn in and raised by the actual displacement of the piston inside the cylinder. The amount of liquid pumped out is equal to the volume displaced by the piston. The reciprocating pumps with disk piston can developed pressure upto 25 bar while the reciprocating pumps with pis... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Centrifugal Pump
A centrifugal pump is a rotodynamic pump which has a rotating element called an 'impeller' As the liquid passes through the impeller, it angular momentum change due to which the pressure energy of liquid is converted into potential energy, as the liquid is lifted from a lower level to a higher level. CENTRIFUGAL PUMP A centrifugal pump is a rotodynamic pump which has a rotating element called an 'impeller' As the liquid passes through the impeller, it angular momentum change due to which the pressure energy of liquid is converted into potential energy, as the liquid is lifted fr... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Types of Draft Tubes
A Draft tube is a pipe of gradually increasing diameter which connects the exit of runner of a turbine to the tail race. DRAFT TUBE A Draft tube is a pipe of gradually increasing diameter which connects the exit of runner of a turbine to the tail race. Therefore, it discharges the water from the runner to tail race. In case of pelton wheel the available head is converted in to kinetic energy before entry to runner buckets and the turbine operate under atmospheric pressure conductions. The velocity of water leaving at turbine exit small therefore the exit of runner is kept above ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Pelton Wheel - Impulse Turbine
Lester A pelton of California (USA) designed a impulse turbine which is known as pelton turbine (or) wheel. The pelton turbine is the most commonly used type of impulse turbine. This turbine is also called free jet or constant pressure (or) tangential flow impulse turbine 1. Characteristics of pelton wheel turbine ✓ It is a impulse turbine. ✓ Only kinetic energy of water is available at inlet of turbine. ✓ It is working of high head and low discharge. ✓ Work is done only due to change in kinetic energy of water. ✓ Working pressure is equal and constant at atmospheric pressure. ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Propeller and Kaplan Turbines - Axial flow Reaction Turbines
The propeller and kaplan are propeller shaped axial flow reaction turbines in which the water flows parallel to the axis of the shafts. AXIAL FLOW REACTION TURBINES - PROPELLER AND KAPLAN TURBINES The propeller and kaplan are propeller shaped axial flow reaction turbines in which the water flows parallel to the axis of the shafts. These turbines were developed to meet the requirement of using available large quantity of water at low heads (up to 80m) In the year 1980, prof v. kaplan developed a propeller turbine having fixed runner blades of aerofoil section fixed to the hub of ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Francis Turbine - Inward flow Reaction Turbine
Francis turbine is an inward flow reaction turbine which was designed and developed by an American engineer, James B. Francis in 1849. FRANCIS TURBINE Francis turbine is an inward flow reaction turbine which was designed and developed by an American engineer, James B. Francis in 1849. In the earlier stages of its development, francis turbine was purely radial flow turbine. In the radial flow turbine, the inlet and outlet velocities of flow of water remains the same in the plane perpendicular to the axis of the runner. The modern version of Francis turbine is mixed flow turbine in... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Governing of Turbines
The governing of a turbines is defined as the operation by which the speed of the turbine is kept constant under all conditions of working. It is done automatically by means of a governor, which regulates the rate of flow through the turbines according to the changing load condition on the turbine. Governing of a turbine is necessary as a turbine is directly coupled to an electric generator, which is required to run at constant speed under all fluctuating load conditions. The frequency of power generation by generator of constant number of pair of poles under all varying condition... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Rayleigh's Ritz Method
This method was proposed by Rayleigh in the year 1899 in order to determine the effect of temperature on the viscosity of a gas. In this method, the fundamental relationship of some variables are expressed in the form of an exponential equation, which must be dimensionally homogeneous. In this method, the expression is determined for a variable depending upon maximum three (or) four variables only. If the number of independent variables, becomes more than four, it is very difficult to find the expression for the dependant variables. 1. Steps Involved in Rayleigh's Ritz Method. S... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Losses in Fluid Flowing Pipes
1. Introduction When a fluid flowing through a pipe certain resistance is offered to the flowing fluid, it results in causing a loss of some energy (head) is called losses in pipes. When fluid flows through a pipe line, it encounter resistance due to viscosity of the fluid, the roughness existing in the interior surface of the pipe line and resistance offered by various pipes fittings. Turbulence is produced in fluid flow due to resistance causing loss of energy and pressure head. 2. Different types of Loss of Head in Fluid Flow Through Pipe Line The loss of head in pipe line c... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Fluid Flow through Pipes in series and parallel
1. Pipes in Series (or) Compound Pipe In piping systems, when the pipes of different lengths and diameter are connected end to end is called pipes in series (or) compound pipes. Let as the pipes in series as shown in figure 2.30. Where, L1 L2, L3 - Length of pipes 1,2, & 3 respectively d1, d2, d3 - diameter of pipes 1, 2, & 3 respectively V1 V2 & V3 - Velocity of flow through pipes 1,2,& 3 respectively. f1 f2 & f3 - Co-efficient of friction for pipes 1,2 & 3 respectively The rate of flow through the entire system remains constant, regardless of the diameter of the individual ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Important Questions - Unit V : Pumps
1) Explain with a neat sketch the working of a single acting reciprocating pump. Also obtain the expression for weight of water delivered by the pump per second. 2) Explain the working principle with the main parts of centrifugal pump. 3) Explain the working principle of a reciprocating pump with a neat sketch. 4) Explain about the performance characteristics of centrifugal pumps. 5) Discuss the working of lobe and vane pumps. 6) With a neat sketch explain the construction & working of a centrifugal pump. 7) Discuss on the cascade theory. 8) Explain the various types of... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Important Questions - Unit IV: Turbines
1. Explain the general layout of hydro-electric plant with the help of a neat sketch and also explain the terms gross head and net head. 2. How are hydraulic turbines classified? 3. Give the comparison between impulse and reaction turbines. 4. What is a pelton wheel? Explain its construction and working with a neat sketch. 5. Draw the inlet and outlet velocity diagram for a pelton wheel. Obtain an expression for work done and hydraulic efficiency and also derive the expression for maximum hydraulic efficiency 6. What is the basis of selection of turbine at a particular applica... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Important Questions - Unit III: Dimensional Analysis and Model Studies
1) What are the methods of dimensional analysis? Describe the Rayleigh's method for dimensional analysis 2) Describe the Bucking ham's л theorem for dimensional analysis. 3) What do you mean by repeating variables? How are the repeating variables selected for dimensional analysis. 4) Define the following non-dimensional numbers. (i) Reynold's number (ii) Froude's number (iii) Mach's number. What are their significances for fluid flow problem. 5) Explain the different types of similarities. 6) Give a note the term scale ratio. 7) What are the different similarities which shou... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Important Questions - Unit II: Flow through Pipes and Boundary Layer
1) Explain the experiment setup to study different types of flow. 2) Derive an expression for drop of pressure for a given length of pipe when fluid is flowing through a pipe (or) Derive Hagen - Poiseuille formula. 3) Explain the existence of laminar sub layer in the boundary layer theory. 4) Derive an expression for head loss for the laminar flow through a pipe line. 5) Derive an expression for average velocity for a flow through pipe. Find the ratio of maximum velocity to average velocity. 6) Derive an expression for co-efficient of friction in viscous flow in terms of Reyn... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Important Questions - Unit I: Fluid Properties and Flow Characteristics
1. Define the following fluid properties (a) Density (b) Weight density (c) Specific volume (d) Specific gravity 2. Define and distinguish between the following set of fluid properties (i) Cohesion and Adhesion (ii) Surface Tension and Capillarity (iii) Dynamic Viscosity and Kinematic Viscosity 3. What is meant by viscosity of fluid, how does it manifest, and in what units it is measured? Does the viscosity of liquids and gases increase or decrease with temperature growth? Suggest reasons for the difference in behavour, if any. 4. Enunciate Newton's law of viscosity. Ex... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Problems for Practice - Unit V : Pumps
1. The diameters of an impeller of a certrifugal pump at inlet and outlet are 20cm & 40cm respectively. Determine the minimum speed for starting the pump if it works against a head of 25m. Answer: 1221.2 rpm 2. Find the power required to drive a centrifugal pump which delivers 0.02m3/s of water to a height of 30m through a 10cm diameter pipe and 90m long. The overall efficiency of the pump is 70% and f= 0.009 in the formula Answer: 11.5 kw 3. The diameter of an impeller of a centrifugal pump at inlet and outlet are 300 mm and 600mm respectively. The velocity of flow at outlet i... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Problems for Practice - Unit IV: Turbines
1. Design a pelton wheel for following data: Power p = 12000 kw Head H = 400m Speed N = 700 rpm ηo = 85% Jet ratio = 6 Speed ratio = 0.45 Cv = 0.98 Find wheel diameter, number of jets, diameter of each jet. Answer: D = 1.1m no. of. jets = 4, d = 12cm 2. Pelton wheel works under a head of 400m. It is supplied with water by penstock of dia 1m and length 5km, and its friction factor 0.032. Jet of 15cm dia. Strikes the buckets and gets deflected through 165°, If Vr2 = 0.85, Vr1 = speed ratio 0.45 and ηm = 0.85, find: 1) Power developed by runner 2) Shaft power 3) ηh and η... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Problems for Practice - Unit III: Dimensional Analysis and Model Studies
1) Show that the resistance R to the motion of a sphere of diameter (D) moving with the uniform velocity (V) through a real fluid of density (ρ) dynamic viscosity (μ) is given by 2) Determine the dimensions of (i) Force (ii) Viscosity (iii) Power (iv) kinetic viscosity Answer: MLT-2, ML-1T-1, ML2 T-3, L2T-1 3) The variables controlling the motion of a floating vessel through water are the drag force F, speed V, length L, density ρ and dynamic viscosity μ of water and acceleration due to gravity g. Derive expression for F by dimensional analysis 4) Frictional Torque T o... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Problems for Practice - Unit II: Flow through Pipes and Boundary Layer
1) An oil of viscosity 0.2 pas flows between two stationary parallel plates which are kept at a distance of 10 mm apart. The plates are 1 m wide and the centre line flow velocity is stated to be 2.5 m/s. Determine the average flow velocity, flow rate of oil, pressure gradient and the wall shear stress. Answer: (i) 1.67 m/s, (ii) 0.0167 m3 / s, (iii) 4000 N/m2 per meter, (iv) 20 N/m2 2) There is horizontal crack 5 cm wide and 3 mm deep in a wall of thickness 15 cm. Water leaks through the crack. Find the difference of pressure between the two- ends of the crack if the rate of le... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Problems for Practice - Unit I: Fluid Properties and Flow Characteristics
1. 3 litre petrol weighs 2/N. Calculate (i) specific weight (ii) Density (iii) Specific volume (iv) Specific gravity Answer: (i) 7 × 103 N/m3 (ii) 713.6Kg/m3 (iii) 1.4 × 10-3 m3/kg (iv) 0.7136 2. 4 m3 of a certain oil weight 31 KN. Calculate its specific weights, mass density, specific volume and specific gravity with respect to water. If the kinematic viscosity of the oil is 7.5 × 10-3 stoke, what would be its dynamic viscosity in centipoise. stoke, What would be its dynamic viscosity in centipoise. Answer: (i) 7.75 kN/m3 (ii) 790 kg/m3 (iii) 1.265 × 10-3 m3/kg ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Unit V : Pumps - Previous Year Anna University Solved Problems
Problem: 1 A centrifugal pump has an impeller 500mm in diameter at outlet and running at 400 rpm. The discharge of the inlet is enters radial. The velocity of flow at outlet is 1 m/s the vanes are curved backwards at outlet is 30o to the wheel tangent. If discharge of the pump is 0.14 m3/s. Calculate the impeller power and the torque on the shaft. This problem is same as Example No.20 and page No: 4.92. Ans: Torque (T) = 305.8965 N.m Power (P) = 12.8133 × 103w Problem: 2 The dimensionless specific speed of a centrifugal pump is 0.06. Static head is 32 m. Flow rate is 50 l/s... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Unit IV: Turbines - Previous Year Anna University Solved Problems
Problem - 1 A pelton wheel has to be designed for the following data, HP to be developed = 8500 Net head available = 280 m RPM = 650 Ratio of jet diameter to wheel diameter = 1/9 Mechanical efficiency = 88% Find the number of jets, diameter of jet, diameter of wheel and quantity of water required. This problem is similar to Example No -5 in Page No: 5.66 Assume Cv = 0.985 Ku = 0.45 Ans: Diameter of wheel (D) = 0.979m. (1HP = 746 w) Diameter of jet (d) = 0.109m Number of jet = 4 Quantity of water required (Q) = 2.586m3/s Problem - 2 A Francis turbine working under a head o... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Unit III: Dimensional Analysis and Model Studies - Previous Year Anna University Solved Problems
Problem - 1 The pressure different AP in a pipe of diameter (D) and length (1) due to viscous flow depends on the velocity (V) viscosity (μ) and density (ρ). Using Buckingham's π- theorem obtain an expression for ΔP. Given data: Pressure difference ΔP depends on the Diameter (D) Length (l) Velocity (V) Viscosity (μ) Density (ρ) To find: Expressing the functional equation for ΔP. Solution: Pressure difference (ΔP) = ML-1T-2 Diameter (D) = L Length (l) = L Velocity (V) = LT-1 Viscosity (μ) = ML-1T-1 Density (ρ) = ML-3 Step - 1 Write the functional equation ΔΡ = f (D, l,... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
CE3391 Fluid Mechanics And Machinery - Syllabus (Regulation 2021)
CE3391 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY LPTC 3104 COURSE OBJECTIVES: • To introduce the students a b o u t properties of the fluids, behaviour of fluids under static conditions. • To impart basic knowledge of the dynamics of fluids and boundary layer concept. • To expose to the applications of the conservation laws to a) flow measurements b) flow through pipes (both laminar and turbulent) and c) forces on pipe bends. • To exposure to the significance of boundary layer theory and its thicknesses. • To expose the students to basic principles of working of hydraulic machineries and... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Unit II: Flow through Pipes and Boundary Layer - Previous Year Anna University Solved Problems
Problem - 1 A crude oil of viscosity 0.9 poise and relative density 0.9 is flowing through a horizontal circular pipe of diameter 120 mm and length 12 m. Calculate the difference of pressure at the two ends of the pipe. If 785 N of the oil is collected in a tank in 25 seconds. Given data: Viscosity (μ) = 0.9 poise 0.09 N - s/m2 Relative density (or) specific gravity (S) = 0.9 Pipe diameter (D) = 120mm == 0.12m Length of pipe (L) = 12m Weight of oil (w) = 785 N Time to collect oil in the tank (t) = 25 sec To find: Calculate the difference in pressure (p1 - p2) Solution: (i... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Unit-I Fluid Properties and Flow Characteristics -Previous Year Anna University Solved Problems
Problem - 1 An oil film of thickness 10 mm is used for lubrication between the two square parallel plates of size 0.9mx 0.9m each, in which the upper plate moves at 2 m/s required a force of 100 N to maintain this speed. Determine (i) Dynamic viscosity of the oil (ii) Kinematic viscosity of oil, if the specific gravity of the oil is 0.95. Given data: Oil film thickness (y) = 10mm = 0.01m Size of plate = 0.9m × 0.9m Velocity of moving plate (μ) = 2m/s Specific gravity of oil (S) = 0.95 Required force on moving plate (F) = 100 N To find: (i) Dynamic viscosity of oil (μ) (i... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Diffusion Welding
1. DIFFUSION WELDING Diffusion welding is a solid state joining process in which the strength of the joint results primarily from diffusion. Diffusion means movement of molecules or atoms from high concentration region to low concentration region. In this welding process both the welding plates are placed one over other in high pressure and temperature for a long period of time. This high pressure force starts diffusion between interface surfaces. This diffusion can be accelerated by the application of high temperature. This temperature does not melt the welding plates. The tem... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Adhesive Bonding
Adhesive Bonding is the process of joining two surfaces together, usually with the creation of a smooth bond. This may involve the use of glue, epoxy, or one of a wide range plastic agents which bond either through the evaporation of a solvent or through curing via heat, time, or pressure. Bonding with adhesives is a very popular method of joining whose history dates back to 3000 years. It finds the application in assembly technologies very rapidly and extensively used in some of labeling, packing, book binding and foot wear. Its usefulness came into light during World War II whe... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Nondestructive testing of weldment
Non-destructive testing (NDT) is the examination of an object or material with technology that does not affect its future usefulness. It is an approach to test the weld that involves in evaluating the weld without causing physical damage. A variety of non-destructive testing methods have been developed to evaluate materials, components and welded joints. The following five basic methods are commonly used to examine finished welds. ● Visual Inspection (VT) ● Dye-penetrant inspection or Liquid penetration inspection (LPI). ● Magnetic particle inspection (MPI) ● Radiographic inspe... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Defects in Welding
A welding defect is any flaw that compromises the usefulness of a weldment. The improper welding parameters, base metal and selection of method introduce defects in the weldment. So, the defective weld causes failure in service conditions and damages to the properties. The defects in weld depend on thickness, load, environment and size of the weld. The major defects in the weld are as follows: 1. Lack of fusion 2. Lack of root penetration 3. Cracks 4. Cavity 5. Porosity 6. Undercut 7. Distortion 8. Slag inclusion 9. Lamellar tearing 10. Overlapping 11. Imperfect shape or ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Soldering
The process of joining of two dissimilar metals by means of filler metal called solder is known as soldering whose melting temperature is below 450°C. Soft soldering being a low temperature (300°C) process does not bring the distortion. The soldering joints are weaker. when compared to brazed joints. The soldered joint is generally considered to be a metallurgical bond between solder filler metal and base metals being joined. Some solder joints do not have a metallurgical bond but they are held to gather by adhesion properties of the interface. The solder alloy is applied as a li... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Brazing
It is defined "joining of two metal pieces by using a filter metal whose liquid temperature is above 450 °C.” The filler metal is drawn into the joint by capillary action. In brazing, the base metal of the workpieces to be joined is not melted but filler makes the joint in metal. This filler metal in the form liquid is adhered to the base metal and the joint is made between two workpieces. For achieving the higher mechanical strength of the joint, the base metal should be cleaned and wetted before joining. The fluxes are added to remove the oxides present in the filler metal, the... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Welding Positions
There are four basic welding positions as shown in Figure 2.35. These positions are used for welder certification. Welder's certification is based on a number of factors which include the welding joint type and the position in which the test weld was performed. There are four basic positions that a weld can be made as follows: 1. Flat position 2. Horizontal position 3. Vertical position 4. Overhead position. Fillet or groove welds can be made in all of these positions. (a) Flat position In a flat position, a weld is performed along largely a horizontal access and from above ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Ultrasonic Welding
Ultrasonic welding is a solid-state welding process in which two workpieces are bonded as a result of a pressure exerted to welded parts combined with the application of high frequency acoustic vibration. It uses the principle of converting high frequency electrical energy into high frequency mechanical energy. This mechanical energy is a vertical motion excess of 15000 cycles/second. Ultrasonic vibration causes friction between parts which results in a closer contact between two surfaces with simultaneous local heating of the contact area. Interatomic bonds formed under these co... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Friction Stir Welding
Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is a solid state welding process in which a rotating tool is fed along the joint line between two workpieces. It is used to join two facing surfaces. During welding, heat is generated due to friction and the metal is mechanically stirred to form the weld seam. FSW differs from normal friction welding in such a way by generating friction heat by a separate wear-resistant tool instead of the parts between them. In friction stir welding process, the rotating tool consists of a cylindrical shoulder and a smaller probe or pin projecting beneath it as shown ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Friction Welding
Principle: Friction welding is a solid state welding process in which coalescence is achieved by frictional heat combined with pressure as shown in Figure 2.30. The heat is obtained through mechanical friction between rubbing surfaces of workpieces in relative motion to one another. Working: Initially, the components to be welded are held in chucks or clamps. One part is rotated at high speed (1500 to 3000 rpm) using a rotating chuck and other part is held stationary using a stationary chuck as shown in Figure 2.31. During welding, the stationary chuck is moved and contacted w... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Laser Beam Welding (LBM)
The word laser stands for Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation (LASER). It is a strong coherent monochromatic beam of light which can be highly concentrated with a very small beam divergence. The focused laser beam has the highest energy concentration of any known source of energy. The laser beam is a source of electromagnetic energy or light that can be projected without diverging and it can be concentrated to a precise spot. The coherent light emitted by the laser can be focused and reflected in the same way as a light beam. The focused spot size is contr... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Electron Beam Welding (EBM)
Electron Beam Welding (EBW) is a fusion welding process in which a beam of high- velocity electrons is used for producing high temperature and melting the workpiece to be welded. The electrons strike the workpiece and their kinetic energy is converted into thermal energy by releasing heat. This heat is used to heat the metal so that the edges of workpiece are fused and joined together forming a weld. 1. Working Principle If a filament of tungsten or tantalum is heated to high temperature in a vacuum either directly by means of an electric current or indirectly by means of an adj... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Thermit Welding
Thermit welding is a fusion welding process. In this process, neither, arc is produced to heat parts nor flames are used. For getting high temperature, the exothermic reaction between components of the Thermit is used. Thermit or alumino-thermic is the name given to a mixture of finely divided metal oxide and aluminum powder. To obtain exothermic reaction, the commonly utilizing composition is iron oxide red powder (Fe3O4) with aluminium powder (Al). The molten metal produced by the reaction acts as a filler material and joins the workpieces after solidification. Quality of weldi... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Plasma Arc Welding
Conventional methods are not suitable for machining metals such as cast alloy, Waspaloy and carbides having promising applications in various industries. Also, machining these materials using conventional methods causes the increased machining cost. So, these types of materials in special welding methods are preferred. Principle: Plasma is high temperature ionized gas. A plasma is the gas region in which there is practically no resultant charge, i.e., where positive ions and electrons are equal in number. The region is an electrical conductor and it is affected by electric and ma... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Resistance Welding
Resistance welding process is a pressure welding process in which heavy current is passed for short time through the area of interface of metals to be joined with the application of pressure. In other way, it may be defined as "Resistance welding is a thermo-electric process in which heat is generated at the interface of the parts to be joined by passing an electrical current through the parts for a precisely controlled time and under a pressure”. The various types of resistance welding are as follows: (a) Spot welding (b) Seam welding (c) Projection welding (d) Resistance but... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Electro Slag Welding (ESW)
Electro Slag Welding (ESW) is a highly productive and single pass welding process for thick materials in a vertical or close to vertical position. Principle: Electroslag welding is a welding process in which the heat is generated by an electric current passing between consumable electrode (filler metal) and workpiethrough a molten slag covering the weld surface. In this process, the coalescence is formed by molten slag and the molten metal pool remains shielded by molten slag. Working: In this welding process, prior to welding the gap between two workpieces is filled with a weldi... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)
Flux is mainly used to avoid the oxidation reaction with oxygen present in the atmosphere. If the flux is used along with filler material in the form of coated electrodes, the oxidation reaction may not be completely prevented. In order to avoid the oxidation reaction completely, enough quantity of flux should be supplied with a separate control independently with filler material. Submerged arc welding is also called sub arc welding or hidden arc welding. In this welding, the complete welding setup is dipped in the flux powder and hence, it is named as submerged arc welding. In t... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW)
Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) is also called Metal Inert Gas (MIG) welding. In this arc welding, the electric arc is produced between a consumable metal wire electrode and the workpiece. During welding, the arc and welding zone are surrounded by an inert gas as shown in Figure 2.13. Argon, helium, CO2, argon-Oxygen or other gas mixtures are used as the inert gas. The surrounded inert gas protects the weld from atmosphere. A consumable electrode wire having chemical composition similar to the parent material is continuously fed from a reel to the arc zone through feed unit. The arc... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW)
Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) is also called Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding. In TIG welding, the electric arc is produced between a non-consumable tungsten electrode and the workpiece as shown in Figure 2.11. There is an electrode holder in which the non- consumable tungsten electrode is fixed to produce the arc. While supplying the electric power between electrode and workpiece, the inert gas from the cylinder is passed through the nozzle of the welding head around the electrode. The inert gas (Argon, Helium, Nitrogen and CO2) surrounds the arc and it protects the weld from ... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Manual metal arc welding or shielded metal arc welding
Manual Metal Arc Welding (MMAW) or Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) or Stick welding is the most commonly used type of arc welding process. 50% of all industrial welding and maintenance welding are currently performed by this process. In this process, metals are melted and joined by heating them with an arc between a consumable coated metal electrode and the workpiece. The stick electrode consists of core metal wire with an outer coating called flux. The flux assists in creating and stabilizing the arc and it provides the shielding gas which prevents the reaction of the molten me... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Gas Welding
Gas welding is one type of welding processes in which the edges of the metals to be welded are melted by using a gas flame. No pressure is applied during welding except prussure gas welding. The flame is produced at the tip of a welding torch. The welding heat is obtained by burning a mixture of oxygen and combustible gas. The gases are mixed at the required proportion in a welding torch which provides a control for the welding flame. The gases commonly employed for gas welding are acetylene, hydrogen, propane and butane. The flame only melts the metal. So, the additional metal r... read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Classification of welding process based on filler metals
Based on the application of filler metals, the welding process can also be classified as follows: (a) Autogeneous: The process is one in which no filler metal is added to the joint interface. Example: Electric resistance welding. (b) Homogeneous: The process in which the filler metal is added and it is similar to parent metal. Examples: Arc welding, electron beam welding and diffusion welding. (c) Heterogeneous: The process in which the filler metal is used but it is of different type from the parent metai. Examples: Brazing and soldering. read more
VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor1 month ago
Classification of welding process based on method of welding
In general, various welding processes are classified as follows: 1. Gas welding: (a) Air-acetylene welding (b) Oxy-acetylene welding (c) Oxy-hydrogen welding. 2. Arc welding: (a) Carbon arc welding (b) Plasma arc welding (c) Shield metal arc welding (d) Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding (e) Metal Inert Gas (MIG) welding (f) Submerged arc welding (g) Electro-slag welding. 3. Resistance welding: (a) Spot welding (b) Seam welding (c) Projection welding (d) Resistance butt welding (e) Flash butt welding (f) Percussion welding. 4. Solid state welding: (a) Cold welding (b)... read more
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